the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 01 Feb 2024
Macapá, a Brazilian equatorial magnetometer station: installation, data availability and methods for temperature correction
Abstract. In the last 60 years, the largest displacement of the magnetic equator (by about 1100 km northwards) occurred in the Brazilian longitudinal sector. The magnetic equator passed by Tatuoca magnetic observatory (TTB) in northern Brazil in 2012 and continues to move northward. Due to the horizontal geomagnetic field geometry at the magnetic equator, enhanced electric currents in the ionosphere are produced – the so called equatorial electrojet (EEJ). The magnetic effect of the EEJ is observed in the range of ± 3 degrees from the magnetic equator, where magnetic observatories record an amplified daily variation of the H component. In order to track the spatial and temporal variation of this phenomena, a new magnetometer station was installed in Macapá (MAA), which is about 350 km northwest from TTB. In this paper, we present the setup and data analysis of MAA station from 11/2019 until 09/2021. Because of its special configuration, we develop a method for temperature correction of the vector magnetometer data.
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RC1: 'Review of the submission # gi-2023-10', Anatoly Soloviev, 15 Feb 2024
Review of the submission # gi-2023-10
“Macapá, a Brazilian equatorial magnetometer station: installation, data availability and methods for temperature correction”
by Cristiano Mendel Martins, Katia Jasbinschek Pinheiro, Achim Ohlert, Jürgen Matzka, Marcos Vinicius da Silva, and Reynerth Pereira da Costa
Development of magnetic station network in addition to full-scale magnetic observatories increases the spatial resolution of the measurements and enables studying small-scale phenomena in the near Earth space. Therefore, the submission is definitely relevant and valuable for the community dealing with magnetic observations. Despite the generally positive impression from the work done by the authors, it is worth noting some aspects not covered in the manuscript:
- The description of the pillar for the vector magnetometer is missing. Sensor shift in the course of the measurements can introduce significant distortions into the data. If the authors managed to build a compact non-magnetic pillar, this should be described in detail.
- When solving the problem of the temperature correction of the magnetometer readings, it is necessary to describe the operation principle and technical specifications of the sensors provided by the manufacturer. Following this line, the discussion section lacks the comparison of the obtained temperature coefficients (nT/Co) with the datasheet specifications.
- The temperature correction of the magnetometer recordings is routinely applied in the course of the geomagnetic data processing including the production of quasi-definitive and definitive data sets. There are some important publications devoted to this issue. The authors should expand the relevant literature review and include the comparison with the existing approaches, for example:
- Janošek, M.; Butta, M.; Vlk, M.; Bayer, T. (2018). Improving Earth’s Magnetic Field Measurements by Numerical Corrections of Thermal Drifts and Man-Made Disturbances. Sens., 2018, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1804092
- Kudin D, Soloviev A, Matveev M, Shevaldysheva O. (2023). On a Novel Approach to Correcting Temperature Dependencies in Magnetic Observatory Data. Applied Sciences, 2023, 13(14):8008, https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148008
- Multiple application of regressions might distort the data, as fluxgate type sensors have nonlinear temperature dependence. The authors apply regression three times over. It leads to both decreased correlation of the data adjusted step-by-step, and effect reduction when applying the correction. At the same time, after the first step of the correction the deltaF amplitude falls into the (-1, 1) interval, which satisfies high INTERMAGNET standards. Further corrections look somewhat redundant. To justify the repeated application of corrections, the authors should describe those scientific problems that set the requirements for data accuracy.
- The work results in obtaining adjusted deltaF and F derived from vector measurements. However, the next logical step is to obtain corrections for each component recorded by the vector magnetometer. The description of this important procedure is missing. This issue needs to be clarified.
- Line 84 contains some glitch.
The manuscript should be revised and resubmitted for review.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2023-10-RC1 - AC3: 'Reply on RC1', Marcos Vinicius Siqueira da Silva, 18 Apr 2024
-
RC2: 'Comment on gi-2023-10', Jan Reda, 26 Feb 2024
Comments on the research article gi-2023-10
Title: Macapá, a Brazilian equatorial magnetometer station: installation, data availability and methods for temperature correction
Authors: Cristiano Mendel Martins, Katia Jasbinschek Pinheiro, Achim Ohlert, Jürgen Matzka, Marcos Vinicius da Silva, and Reynerth Pereira da Costa
GENERAL COMMENTS
The authors present the experiences related to the installation of a magnetic station near the geomagnetic equator in Northern Brazil. The place of installation in Macapá (MAA) is very interesting and important from the point of view of geomagnetic observations. As the authors notice, in this region of the globe, the fastest movement of the magnetic equator is observed, reaching up to 1100 km in 60 years. Such a location also allows observing the magnetic effect concerning the so called equatorial electrojet (EEJ). Especially valuable is the spatial and temporal observation of the electrojet phenomenon, performing magnetic analyses together with data from neighboring observatories.
The authors carefully selected the place for observation. They tested two locations: at Chaves and at IEPA (Institute for Scientific and Technological Research of the State of Amapá. The chosen location was optimal in terms of data quality, environmental disturbances, and logistical aspects of the observations.
Observing the EEJ effect on magnetic registration requires high-quality recording of changes in the components of the geomagnetic field. This primarily concerns reliable observations of diurnal variations, to which the authors pay particular attention because most vector magnetometers are sensitive to temperature changes, and diurnal temperature changes are particularly large in equatorial regions. Therefore, the authors developed a thermal correction method for the data from the vector magnetometer. The thermal correction method is a bit complicated, but the results of the correction are very good. It must be acknowledged that the authors clearly present how the improvement is after each of the multi-stage correction using linear regression methods. The Figure 11 clearly presents, which correction stages are more or less significant.
In summary, I am happy to recommend the manuscript for publication after making minor corrections listed below, in sections SPECIFIC COMMENTS and TECHNICAL, LANGUAGE AND OTHER REMARKS.
SPECIFIC COMMENTS
The Figure 12 is unclear (at least to me). The three plots in part a), the upper part, have the same horizontal axis description and a common vertical axis for all three, yet the correlation bars are different. Is this correct?
TECHNICAL, LANGUAGE AND OTHER REMARKS
Line 33 rather „Figure 1” instead of „figure 1”
Line 102 “than” instead of “then”
Lines 130, 137 “datasets” instead of “dataset”
Line 199 The name of the co-author is missing (B. Zhou)
Line 203 The name of the co-author is missing (M. Mandea)
Line 207 The name of the co-author is missing (E. Qamili)
Line 210 The name of the co-author is missing (Jason J Green)
Line 212 The name of the co-author is missing (Jürgen Matzka)
Line 214 The name of the co-author is missing (Jürgen Matzka)
Line 217 The name of the co-author is missing (Patrick Alken)
Line 220 The name of the co-author is missing (C. Stolle)
Line 227 It’s worth adding DOI (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-016-0282-z)
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2023-10-RC2 - AC1: 'Reply on RC2', Marcos Vinicius Siqueira da Silva, 18 Apr 2024
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RC3: 'Comment on gi-2023-10', Anna Willer, 10 Mar 2024
General comments:
Overall, a well-written article on a new magnetometer station at an important location, especially important for monitoring the signal of the Equatorial Electrojet.
Detailed description of the setup including sensor orientation, schematic drawings, and instrument specifications. Well-described data corrections due to time and temperature issues.
I recommend the manuscript for publication. And have only minor comments and corrections described in the Specific comments and Technical corrections.
Specific comments
If I understood it correctly, there was not preformed any absolute measurements of the declination and inclination at the new magnetometer station (which is fine, as it is not a magnetic observatory). Instead, the baselines were determined by IGRF model values. It would be interesting to hear more on that procedure. I assume that the model parameters of the declination and inclination was used together with quiet variometer and scalar data? In that case, I recommend that this is mentioned in section 4, where the baselines are introduced.
The horizontal north magnetic field in the sensor coordinate system HN is compared at different locations (for example in figure 8). The direction of HN is commonly determined by rotating the sensor such that HE is close to zero, as is described in the article. This means that the direction of HN can vary slightly between stations. The authors probably assume that the difference is so small that is has no effect in the data analysis preformed here. But perhaps it is worth mentioning that assumption somewhere in the text or figure caption?
Technical corrections
Section 2, Macapá Station Setup, page 3: Repeat of sentence: Two instruments measuring the magnetic field were installed in Macapá.
Section 2, Macapá Station Setup, page 4: GSM-90 overhauser by GemSYS, suggest to change to: GSM-90 Overhauser by GEM Systems
Section 3, Macapá Dataset, page 6: [label=.] ?
Section 3, Macapá Dataset, page 7: Figure 8 caption: repeat of the word "the": “Comparison between the the data…”
Section 4, Temperature correction, page 8: “…here denoted as Fs, measured by GSM-19” earlier it is mentioned that it was a GSM-90?
Figure 6, 7a, 8d, and 9: I am assuming from the low values on the Y-axis that a mean value has been subtracted from F. In that case, I recommend that the authors briefly mention what has been removed from the data.
Section 4, Temperature correction, page 12: Figure 12a: The X-axis on two of the plots needs correction.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2023-10-RC3 - AC2: 'Reply on RC3', Marcos Vinicius Siqueira da Silva, 18 Apr 2024
-
RC4: 'Comment on gi-2023-10', Anonymous Referee #4, 11 Mar 2024
This manuscript addresses the nuts and bolts of installation of a magnetometer station in a specific location for specific purposes. The authors present a detailed study that includes a thorough description of technical tests, problems that turned up during the deployment, and the ways of their solutions, and, in many particular aspects, this manuscript can be regarded as some nuts and bolts of
I am really impressed with the presented results of the deployment of a new geomagnetic station which is undoubtedly going to improve the geomagnetic network and provide the data in particular for space weather studies. The principal advantage of the chosen location is its closeness to the geomagnetic equator, which provides a great monitoring opportunity.
However, the manuscript lacks some details that could be of reasonable interest for the researchers dealing with installation of magnetometers for long-term observations. In particular, it is not clear how the magnetometer was oriented in order to record the horizontal component: was a model value chosen as a reference, or were the absolute measurements carried out? I am convinced that the article should contain some details of this procedure before publication.
Technical corrections:
Line 67: “as it was done for Tristan da Cunha observatory Matzka et al. (2011)”
- Should be “as it was done for Tristan da Cunha observatory (Matzka et al., 2011)” or “as it was done for Tristan da Cunha observatory as shown in (Matzka et al., 2011)”Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2023-10-RC4 - AC4: 'Reply on RC4', Marcos Vinicius Siqueira da Silva, 18 Apr 2024
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Review of the submission # gi-2023-10', Anatoly Soloviev, 15 Feb 2024
Review of the submission # gi-2023-10
“Macapá, a Brazilian equatorial magnetometer station: installation, data availability and methods for temperature correction”
by Cristiano Mendel Martins, Katia Jasbinschek Pinheiro, Achim Ohlert, Jürgen Matzka, Marcos Vinicius da Silva, and Reynerth Pereira da Costa
Development of magnetic station network in addition to full-scale magnetic observatories increases the spatial resolution of the measurements and enables studying small-scale phenomena in the near Earth space. Therefore, the submission is definitely relevant and valuable for the community dealing with magnetic observations. Despite the generally positive impression from the work done by the authors, it is worth noting some aspects not covered in the manuscript:
- The description of the pillar for the vector magnetometer is missing. Sensor shift in the course of the measurements can introduce significant distortions into the data. If the authors managed to build a compact non-magnetic pillar, this should be described in detail.
- When solving the problem of the temperature correction of the magnetometer readings, it is necessary to describe the operation principle and technical specifications of the sensors provided by the manufacturer. Following this line, the discussion section lacks the comparison of the obtained temperature coefficients (nT/Co) with the datasheet specifications.
- The temperature correction of the magnetometer recordings is routinely applied in the course of the geomagnetic data processing including the production of quasi-definitive and definitive data sets. There are some important publications devoted to this issue. The authors should expand the relevant literature review and include the comparison with the existing approaches, for example:
- Janošek, M.; Butta, M.; Vlk, M.; Bayer, T. (2018). Improving Earth’s Magnetic Field Measurements by Numerical Corrections of Thermal Drifts and Man-Made Disturbances. Sens., 2018, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1804092
- Kudin D, Soloviev A, Matveev M, Shevaldysheva O. (2023). On a Novel Approach to Correcting Temperature Dependencies in Magnetic Observatory Data. Applied Sciences, 2023, 13(14):8008, https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148008
- Multiple application of regressions might distort the data, as fluxgate type sensors have nonlinear temperature dependence. The authors apply regression three times over. It leads to both decreased correlation of the data adjusted step-by-step, and effect reduction when applying the correction. At the same time, after the first step of the correction the deltaF amplitude falls into the (-1, 1) interval, which satisfies high INTERMAGNET standards. Further corrections look somewhat redundant. To justify the repeated application of corrections, the authors should describe those scientific problems that set the requirements for data accuracy.
- The work results in obtaining adjusted deltaF and F derived from vector measurements. However, the next logical step is to obtain corrections for each component recorded by the vector magnetometer. The description of this important procedure is missing. This issue needs to be clarified.
- Line 84 contains some glitch.
The manuscript should be revised and resubmitted for review.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2023-10-RC1 - AC3: 'Reply on RC1', Marcos Vinicius Siqueira da Silva, 18 Apr 2024
-
RC2: 'Comment on gi-2023-10', Jan Reda, 26 Feb 2024
Comments on the research article gi-2023-10
Title: Macapá, a Brazilian equatorial magnetometer station: installation, data availability and methods for temperature correction
Authors: Cristiano Mendel Martins, Katia Jasbinschek Pinheiro, Achim Ohlert, Jürgen Matzka, Marcos Vinicius da Silva, and Reynerth Pereira da Costa
GENERAL COMMENTS
The authors present the experiences related to the installation of a magnetic station near the geomagnetic equator in Northern Brazil. The place of installation in Macapá (MAA) is very interesting and important from the point of view of geomagnetic observations. As the authors notice, in this region of the globe, the fastest movement of the magnetic equator is observed, reaching up to 1100 km in 60 years. Such a location also allows observing the magnetic effect concerning the so called equatorial electrojet (EEJ). Especially valuable is the spatial and temporal observation of the electrojet phenomenon, performing magnetic analyses together with data from neighboring observatories.
The authors carefully selected the place for observation. They tested two locations: at Chaves and at IEPA (Institute for Scientific and Technological Research of the State of Amapá. The chosen location was optimal in terms of data quality, environmental disturbances, and logistical aspects of the observations.
Observing the EEJ effect on magnetic registration requires high-quality recording of changes in the components of the geomagnetic field. This primarily concerns reliable observations of diurnal variations, to which the authors pay particular attention because most vector magnetometers are sensitive to temperature changes, and diurnal temperature changes are particularly large in equatorial regions. Therefore, the authors developed a thermal correction method for the data from the vector magnetometer. The thermal correction method is a bit complicated, but the results of the correction are very good. It must be acknowledged that the authors clearly present how the improvement is after each of the multi-stage correction using linear regression methods. The Figure 11 clearly presents, which correction stages are more or less significant.
In summary, I am happy to recommend the manuscript for publication after making minor corrections listed below, in sections SPECIFIC COMMENTS and TECHNICAL, LANGUAGE AND OTHER REMARKS.
SPECIFIC COMMENTS
The Figure 12 is unclear (at least to me). The three plots in part a), the upper part, have the same horizontal axis description and a common vertical axis for all three, yet the correlation bars are different. Is this correct?
TECHNICAL, LANGUAGE AND OTHER REMARKS
Line 33 rather „Figure 1” instead of „figure 1”
Line 102 “than” instead of “then”
Lines 130, 137 “datasets” instead of “dataset”
Line 199 The name of the co-author is missing (B. Zhou)
Line 203 The name of the co-author is missing (M. Mandea)
Line 207 The name of the co-author is missing (E. Qamili)
Line 210 The name of the co-author is missing (Jason J Green)
Line 212 The name of the co-author is missing (Jürgen Matzka)
Line 214 The name of the co-author is missing (Jürgen Matzka)
Line 217 The name of the co-author is missing (Patrick Alken)
Line 220 The name of the co-author is missing (C. Stolle)
Line 227 It’s worth adding DOI (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-016-0282-z)
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2023-10-RC2 - AC1: 'Reply on RC2', Marcos Vinicius Siqueira da Silva, 18 Apr 2024
-
RC3: 'Comment on gi-2023-10', Anna Willer, 10 Mar 2024
General comments:
Overall, a well-written article on a new magnetometer station at an important location, especially important for monitoring the signal of the Equatorial Electrojet.
Detailed description of the setup including sensor orientation, schematic drawings, and instrument specifications. Well-described data corrections due to time and temperature issues.
I recommend the manuscript for publication. And have only minor comments and corrections described in the Specific comments and Technical corrections.
Specific comments
If I understood it correctly, there was not preformed any absolute measurements of the declination and inclination at the new magnetometer station (which is fine, as it is not a magnetic observatory). Instead, the baselines were determined by IGRF model values. It would be interesting to hear more on that procedure. I assume that the model parameters of the declination and inclination was used together with quiet variometer and scalar data? In that case, I recommend that this is mentioned in section 4, where the baselines are introduced.
The horizontal north magnetic field in the sensor coordinate system HN is compared at different locations (for example in figure 8). The direction of HN is commonly determined by rotating the sensor such that HE is close to zero, as is described in the article. This means that the direction of HN can vary slightly between stations. The authors probably assume that the difference is so small that is has no effect in the data analysis preformed here. But perhaps it is worth mentioning that assumption somewhere in the text or figure caption?
Technical corrections
Section 2, Macapá Station Setup, page 3: Repeat of sentence: Two instruments measuring the magnetic field were installed in Macapá.
Section 2, Macapá Station Setup, page 4: GSM-90 overhauser by GemSYS, suggest to change to: GSM-90 Overhauser by GEM Systems
Section 3, Macapá Dataset, page 6: [label=.] ?
Section 3, Macapá Dataset, page 7: Figure 8 caption: repeat of the word "the": “Comparison between the the data…”
Section 4, Temperature correction, page 8: “…here denoted as Fs, measured by GSM-19” earlier it is mentioned that it was a GSM-90?
Figure 6, 7a, 8d, and 9: I am assuming from the low values on the Y-axis that a mean value has been subtracted from F. In that case, I recommend that the authors briefly mention what has been removed from the data.
Section 4, Temperature correction, page 12: Figure 12a: The X-axis on two of the plots needs correction.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2023-10-RC3 - AC2: 'Reply on RC3', Marcos Vinicius Siqueira da Silva, 18 Apr 2024
-
RC4: 'Comment on gi-2023-10', Anonymous Referee #4, 11 Mar 2024
This manuscript addresses the nuts and bolts of installation of a magnetometer station in a specific location for specific purposes. The authors present a detailed study that includes a thorough description of technical tests, problems that turned up during the deployment, and the ways of their solutions, and, in many particular aspects, this manuscript can be regarded as some nuts and bolts of
I am really impressed with the presented results of the deployment of a new geomagnetic station which is undoubtedly going to improve the geomagnetic network and provide the data in particular for space weather studies. The principal advantage of the chosen location is its closeness to the geomagnetic equator, which provides a great monitoring opportunity.
However, the manuscript lacks some details that could be of reasonable interest for the researchers dealing with installation of magnetometers for long-term observations. In particular, it is not clear how the magnetometer was oriented in order to record the horizontal component: was a model value chosen as a reference, or were the absolute measurements carried out? I am convinced that the article should contain some details of this procedure before publication.
Technical corrections:
Line 67: “as it was done for Tristan da Cunha observatory Matzka et al. (2011)”
- Should be “as it was done for Tristan da Cunha observatory (Matzka et al., 2011)” or “as it was done for Tristan da Cunha observatory as shown in (Matzka et al., 2011)”Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2023-10-RC4 - AC4: 'Reply on RC4', Marcos Vinicius Siqueira da Silva, 18 Apr 2024
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