Humidity sensors that function under extreme conditions are needed in experimental chambers as well as for humidity measurements on Mars. Such a sensor was already used in a chamber at the German Aerospace Center and is well characterized, however this sensor is no longer in production and has been replaced by a new generation, requiring verification of the new sensor under extreme conditions. The results show that the new sensor is suitable for measurements under Martian atmospheric conditions.

We present a method to optimize the number and placement of temperature sensors in the borehole for borehole thermometry. Based on heat transfer model simulations, a greedy algorithm chooses sensor locations that minimize sampling errors. Applications in Antarctic and Greenland boreholes show this method outperforms traditional linear and exponential spacing, reducing errors up to tenfold. This approach offers an efficient, cost-effective solution to improve subsurface temperature monitoring.

The development and characterization of a ground-based system measuring column average concentrations of greenhouse gases is described, as well as the corresponding four years dataset recorded at Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK. The system, based on high-resolution Fourier Transform spectroscopy of atmospheric transmission, fulfills the requirements established by the Total Carbon Column Observatory Network (TCCON) to contribute to the international greenhouse gas observing infrastructure.

In this paper we perform laboratory tests and investigate the feasibility to use existing subsea intervention technology, such as manipulator arms to retrieve solid ice samples during under-ice dives of robotic vehicles. This investigation shows, that with minor modifications existing coring technology can be combined with existing subsea technology to provide novel sampling opportunities for submarine ice.