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When radio waves from our Galaxy enter the Earth's atmosphere, they are absorbed by electrons in the upper atmosphere. It was thought that by measuring the amount of absorption, it would allow the height of these electrons in the atmosphere to be determined. If so, this would have significance for future instrument design. However, this paper demonstrates that it is not possible to do this, but it does explain how multiple-frequency measurements can nevertheless be useful.

Better monitoring of sequestered soil carbon in different soils and climate conditions due to carbon farming practices is needed. For this, we, Field Observatory Network (FiON), have established a methodology towards monitoring and forecasting agricultural carbon sequestration by combining offline and near real-time field measurements, weather data, satellite imagery and modeling. To disseminate our work, we have built a web-based dashboard called Field Observatory (fieldobservatory.org).

The objective of this paper is to present new architecture of solution for object detecting and blurring. Our algorithm is tested on four data sets of panorama images. Percentage of accuracy, ie. successfully detected objects of interest is higher than 97 % for each data set. The proposed algorithm has a wide application- for images of different type, surveyed with various purposes and detection of different types of objects, as well.

DMA-based algorithm developed by the authors allows us to solve the main tasks of cyclostratigraphy: periodograms were constructed with further identification of repetitive cycles for carrying out geological reconstructions and correlations of sediments of the same age over a large area.

The study was conducted along the Luangwa River in Zambia. It combines low-cost instruments such as UAVs and and GPS kits to collect data for the purposes of water management. A novel technique which seamlessly merges the dry and wet bathymetry before application in a hydraulic model was applied. Successful implementation resulted in water authorities with small budgets being able to monitor flows safely and efficiently without significant compromise on accuracy.

The importance of the soil evaporation concerns our main life supports source. A simple to operate instrument made for soil evaporation measurement appears then suitable. Any measurement technique may perturb the monitored space affecting external conditions such as the air temperature or the wind. In order to perform a reliable measurement all these perturbations need to be estimated and corrected. A device and a protocol allowing soil evaporation corrected measurement is described

In this paper, we study the compensation method of the helicopter towed bird. We will affect the compensation results based on the geomagnetic gradient. Therefore, we build a compensation model based on the geomagnetic gradient, which is 6 % higher than the traditional model. When the helicopter towed bird system is used for magnetic target exploration, this method can be used to eliminate the interference generated by the helicopter towed bird system, and further accurately detect the target.

We have developed a towed magnetic gradiometer system for rapid acquisition of magnetic and magnetic gradient maps. This high resolution system is flexible and has applications to utility detection, archaeology, unexploded ordnance, or any other applications where high-resolution maps of the magnetic field or gradient are required. Processing of the data has been simplified as much as possible to facilitate rapid results and interpretations.

The quality control and validation activities performed by the Swarm Data Quality Team reveal the good quality LP. The analysis demonstrated that the current baseline plasma data products are improved with respect to previous baseline. The LP have captured the ionospheric plasma variability over more than half of a solar cycle, revealing the data quality depenndence on the solar activity. The quality of the LP data will further improve promoting their application to a broad range of studies.