This study uses the WRF–CALMET model to study the influence of topography near Zhongchuan Airport on low-level wind shear. The simulation accuracy of CALMET is higher than that of WRF. Terrain sensitivity experiments highlighted CALMET's ability to respond to terrain changes during periods of high wind speeds. This study verified the effectiveness of CALMET in simulating low-altitude wind shear, highlighting its excellent ability to capture terrain effects and mitigate aviation safety issues.

In this paper, we present a compilation of the different radiation transport codes for the Martian surface that are currently used by various space agencies and institutions. In addition, as the execution of the tasks necessary to process all of these radiation data requires a high computational processing capacity, we link it to cloud computing, which is found to be an appropriate tool regarding the required resources.

A new technique, tuned PSO, is developed for optimal convergence, avoiding traps of local minima and computing the model parameters: amplitude coefficient factor, shape factor and depth. A number of exercises were done to select the PSO learning parameters. The applicability and efficacy of the proposed method is implemented on synthetic and field gravity anomalies. The analysed results were compared with published results by other methods that show a significant agreement with the real model.