Articles | Volume 5, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-53-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-53-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
23 Mar 2016
Research article |
| 23 Mar 2016
Comparison between manual scaling and Autoscala automatic scaling applied to Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory ionograms
Carl-Fredrik Enell
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
EISCAT Scientific Association, Kiruna, Sweden
Alexander Kozlovsky
Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland
Tauno Turunen
Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland
retired
Thomas Ulich
Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland
Sirkku Välitalo
Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland
Carlo Scotto
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome, Italy
Michael Pezzopane
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome, Italy
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27 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- Efficiency of updating the ionospheric models using total electron content at mid- and sub-auroral latitudes D. Kotova et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-019-0936-x
- The Limits of Empirical Electron Density Modeling: Examining the Capacity of E‐CHAIM and the IRI for Modeling Intermediate (1‐ to 30‐Day) Timescales at High Latitudes D. Themens et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RS006763
- Multi-instrument observations of the Pajala fireball: Origin, characteristics, and atmospheric implications J. Vierinen et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2022.1027750
- Algorithm for Automatic Scaling of the F-Layer Using Image Processing of Ionograms M. Fagre et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2020.2996405
- Automatic scaling of critical frequency foF2 from ionograms recorded at São José dos Campos, Brazil: a comparison between Autoscala and UDIDA tools M. Pezzopane et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-017-0015-z
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- Thermospheric effects during the magnetic superstorms in May 2024 and October-November 2003 in the Northern Hemisphere and the ionospheric response to them M. Chernigovskaya et al. https://doi.org/10.12737/szf-121202609
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- Ionosonde total electron content evaluation using International Global Navigation Satellite System Service data T. Klipp et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-347-2020
- Ionospheric and geomagnetic Pc5 oscillations as observed by the ionosonde and magnetometer at Sodankylä O. Kozyreva et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2018.12.004
- Thermospheric effects during the magnetic superstorms in May 2024 and October-November 2003 in the Northern Hemisphere and the ionospheric response to them M. Chernigovskaya et al. https://doi.org/10.12737/stp-121202609
- Morphologies of ionospheric-equivalent slab-thickness and scale height over equatorial latitude in Africa O. Odeyemi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2021.10.030
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- Ionospheric response to superstorm in May 2024 over mid- and high-latitude Eurasia M. Chernigovskaya et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2025.09.082
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- Ground Echoes Observed by the Meteor Radar and High‐Speed Auroral Observations in the Substorm Growth Phase A. Kozlovsky et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026829
- Variability of ionospheric ionization over Eurasia according to data from a high-latitude ionosonde chain during extreme magnetic storms in 2015 M. Chernigovskaya et al. https://doi.org/10.12737/szf-102202404
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- Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes and Possible Signatures of Pulsating Aurora Detected by the Meteor Radar A. Kozlovsky et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028855
- NOIRE-Net–a convolutional neural network for automatic classification and scaling of high-latitude ionograms A. Kvammen et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2024.1289840
- Atmospheric Gravity Waves and Medium Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances at Auroral Latitudes A. Kozlovsky et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-025-09880-0
- Review of Environmental Monitoring by Means of Radio Waves in the Polar Regions: From Atmosphere to Geospace L. Alfonsi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-022-09734-z
27 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Detection of the main ionospheric trough using GNSS and ionosonde data M. Chernigovskaya et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.036
- Multi‐Instrumental Observations of Nonunderdense Meteor Trails A. Kozlovsky et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025405
- Efficiency of updating the ionospheric models using total electron content at mid- and sub-auroral latitudes D. Kotova et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-019-0936-x
- The Limits of Empirical Electron Density Modeling: Examining the Capacity of E‐CHAIM and the IRI for Modeling Intermediate (1‐ to 30‐Day) Timescales at High Latitudes D. Themens et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RS006763
- Multi-instrument observations of the Pajala fireball: Origin, characteristics, and atmospheric implications J. Vierinen et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2022.1027750
- Algorithm for Automatic Scaling of the F-Layer Using Image Processing of Ionograms M. Fagre et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2020.2996405
- Automatic scaling of critical frequency foF2 from ionograms recorded at São José dos Campos, Brazil: a comparison between Autoscala and UDIDA tools M. Pezzopane et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-017-0015-z
- Variability of ionospheric ionization over Eurasia according to data from a high-latitude ionosonde chain during extreme magnetic storms in 2015 M. Chernigovskaya et al. https://doi.org/10.12737/stp-102202404
- Variations of the Ionospheric Plasma Parameters Observed by the Ionosonde and Magnetic Station in the Range of Periods of Planetary Waves S. Riabova & S. Shalimov https://doi.org/10.1134/S1069351321060069
- Thermospheric effects during the magnetic superstorms in May 2024 and October-November 2003 in the Northern Hemisphere and the ionospheric response to them M. Chernigovskaya et al. https://doi.org/10.12737/szf-121202609
- Ionospheric and plasmaspheric electron contents from space-time collocated digisonde, COSMIC, and GPS observations and model assessments S. Panda et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.12.005
- Ionospheric response over the high and middle latitude regions of Eurasia according to ionosonde data during the severe magnetic storm in March 2015 M. Chernigovskaya et al. https://doi.org/10.12737/szf-104202406
- Ionosonde total electron content evaluation using International Global Navigation Satellite System Service data T. Klipp et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-347-2020
- Ionospheric and geomagnetic Pc5 oscillations as observed by the ionosonde and magnetometer at Sodankylä O. Kozyreva et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2018.12.004
- Thermospheric effects during the magnetic superstorms in May 2024 and October-November 2003 in the Northern Hemisphere and the ionospheric response to them M. Chernigovskaya et al. https://doi.org/10.12737/stp-121202609
- Morphologies of ionospheric-equivalent slab-thickness and scale height over equatorial latitude in Africa O. Odeyemi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2021.10.030
- Ionospheric response over the high and middle latitude regions of Eurasia according to ionosonde data during the severe magnetic storm in March 2015 M. Chernigovskaya et al. https://doi.org/10.12737/stp-104202406
- Optimal Estimation Inversion of Ionospheric Electron Density from GNSS-POD Limb Measurements: Part II-Validation and Comparison Using NmF2 and hmF2 N. Swarnalingam et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15164048
- Ionospheric response to superstorm in May 2024 over mid- and high-latitude Eurasia M. Chernigovskaya et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2025.09.082
- An Automatic CADI’s Ionogram Scaling Software Tool for Large Ionograms Data Analytics T. Rao et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3153470
- Ground Echoes Observed by the Meteor Radar and High‐Speed Auroral Observations in the Substorm Growth Phase A. Kozlovsky et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026829
- Variability of ionospheric ionization over Eurasia according to data from a high-latitude ionosonde chain during extreme magnetic storms in 2015 M. Chernigovskaya et al. https://doi.org/10.12737/szf-102202404
- Estimation of MUF(3000)F2 using Earth-ionosphere geometry for Karachi and Multan, Pakistan H. Siddique et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2021.08.016
- Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes and Possible Signatures of Pulsating Aurora Detected by the Meteor Radar A. Kozlovsky et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028855
- NOIRE-Net–a convolutional neural network for automatic classification and scaling of high-latitude ionograms A. Kvammen et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2024.1289840
- Atmospheric Gravity Waves and Medium Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances at Auroral Latitudes A. Kozlovsky et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-025-09880-0
- Review of Environmental Monitoring by Means of Radio Waves in the Polar Regions: From Atmosphere to Geospace L. Alfonsi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-022-09734-z
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 12 Sep 2026
Short summary
Ionograms from the Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory ionosonde (station SO166) were scaled automatically with the Autoscala software during a test period. The results were compared with manually scaled ionospheric parameters. In general, the F-layer parameters were found to agree well, whereas high-latitude phenomena like auroral E layers were often misidentified.
Ionograms from the Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory ionosonde (station SO166) were scaled...
