Articles | Volume 5, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-53-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-53-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
23 Mar 2016
Research article |
| 23 Mar 2016
Comparison between manual scaling and Autoscala automatic scaling applied to Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory ionograms
Carl-Fredrik Enell
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
EISCAT Scientific Association, Kiruna, Sweden
Alexander Kozlovsky
Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland
Tauno Turunen
Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland
retired
Thomas Ulich
Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland
Sirkku Välitalo
Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland
Carlo Scotto
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome, Italy
Michael Pezzopane
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome, Italy
Related authors
Bianca Lauster, Steffen Dörner, Carl-Fredrik Enell, Udo Frieß, Myojeong Gu, Janis Puķīte, Uwe Raffalski, and Thomas Wagner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15925–15942, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15925-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15925-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are an important component in ozone chemistry. Here, we use two differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) instruments in the Antarctic and Arctic to investigate the occurrence of PSCs based on the colour index, i.e. the colour of the zenith sky. Additionally using radiative transfer simulations, the variability and the seasonal cycle of PSC occurrence are analysed and an unexpectedly high signal during spring suggests the influence of volcanic aerosol.
Jānis Puķīte, Christian Borger, Steffen Dörner, Myojeong Gu, Udo Frieß, Andreas Carlos Meier, Carl-Fredrik Enell, Uwe Raffalski, Andreas Richter, and Thomas Wagner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7595–7625, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7595-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7595-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Chlorine dioxide (OClO) is used as an indicator for chlorine activation. We present a new differential optical absorption spectroscopy retrieval algorithm for OClO from measurements of TROPOMI on the Sentinel-5P satellite. To achieve a substantially improved accuracy for the weak absorber OClO, we consider several additional fit parameters accounting for various higher-order spectral effects. The retrieved OClO slant column densities are compared with ground-based zenith sky measurements.
Masatoshi Yamauchi, Magnar G. Johnsen, Carl-Fredrik Enell, Anders Tjulin, Anna Willer, and Dmitry A. Sormakov
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1159–1170, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1159-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1159-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The paper reports a new finding on space weather effects at around 70–75 ° geographic latitudes. We found that X flares cause an unexpectedly strong ionospheric current driven by solar flares. The effect is as large as a substorm that is known to cause strong auroras and may enhance ongoing substorms. However, it has been overlooked in the past due to the narrow latitudinal range at high latitudes. Since severe magnetic storms often occur with X flares, this may cause geomagnetic hazards.
P. T. Verronen, M. E. Andersson, A. Kero, C.-F. Enell, J. M. Wissing, E. R. Talaat, K. Kauristie, M. Palmroth, T. E. Sarris, and E. Armandillo
Ann. Geophys., 33, 381–394, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-381-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-381-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Electron concentrations observed by EISCAT radars can be reasonable well represented using AIMOS v1.2 satellite-data-based ionization model and SIC D-region ion chemistry model. SIC-EISCAT difference varies from event to event, probably because the statistical nature of AIMOS ionization is not capturing all the spatio-temporal fine structure of electron precipitation. Below 90km, AIMOS overestimates electron ionization because of proton contamination of the satellite electron detectors.
C. Baumann, M. Rapp, A. Kero, and C.-F. Enell
Ann. Geophys., 31, 2049–2062, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-2049-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-2049-2013, 2013
Bianca Lauster, Steffen Dörner, Carl-Fredrik Enell, Udo Frieß, Myojeong Gu, Janis Puķīte, Uwe Raffalski, and Thomas Wagner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15925–15942, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15925-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15925-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are an important component in ozone chemistry. Here, we use two differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) instruments in the Antarctic and Arctic to investigate the occurrence of PSCs based on the colour index, i.e. the colour of the zenith sky. Additionally using radiative transfer simulations, the variability and the seasonal cycle of PSC occurrence are analysed and an unexpectedly high signal during spring suggests the influence of volcanic aerosol.
Irina Mironova, Miriam Sinnhuber, Galina Bazilevskaya, Mark Clilverd, Bernd Funke, Vladimir Makhmutov, Eugene Rozanov, Michelle L. Santee, Timofei Sukhodolov, and Thomas Ulich
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6703–6716, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6703-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6703-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
From balloon measurements, we detected unprecedented, extremely powerful, electron precipitation over the middle latitudes. The robustness of this event is confirmed by satellite observations of electron fluxes and chemical composition, as well as by ground-based observations of the radio signal propagation. The applied chemistry–climate model shows the almost complete destruction of ozone in the mesosphere over the region where high-energy electrons were observed.
Jānis Puķīte, Christian Borger, Steffen Dörner, Myojeong Gu, Udo Frieß, Andreas Carlos Meier, Carl-Fredrik Enell, Uwe Raffalski, Andreas Richter, and Thomas Wagner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7595–7625, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7595-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7595-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Chlorine dioxide (OClO) is used as an indicator for chlorine activation. We present a new differential optical absorption spectroscopy retrieval algorithm for OClO from measurements of TROPOMI on the Sentinel-5P satellite. To achieve a substantially improved accuracy for the weak absorber OClO, we consider several additional fit parameters accounting for various higher-order spectral effects. The retrieved OClO slant column densities are compared with ground-based zenith sky measurements.
Emranul Sarkar, Alexander Kozlovsky, Thomas Ulich, Ilkka Virtanen, Mark Lester, and Bernd Kaifler
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4157–4169, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4157-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4157-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The biasing effect in meteor radar temperature has been a pressing issue for the last 2 decades. This paper has addressed the underlying reasons for such a biasing effect on both theoretical and experimental grounds. An improved statistical method has been developed which allows atmospheric temperatures at around 90 km to be measured with meteor radar in an independent way such that any subsequent bias correction or calibration is no longer required.
Masatoshi Yamauchi, Magnar G. Johnsen, Carl-Fredrik Enell, Anders Tjulin, Anna Willer, and Dmitry A. Sormakov
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1159–1170, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1159-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1159-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The paper reports a new finding on space weather effects at around 70–75 ° geographic latitudes. We found that X flares cause an unexpectedly strong ionospheric current driven by solar flares. The effect is as large as a substorm that is known to cause strong auroras and may enhance ongoing substorms. However, it has been overlooked in the past due to the narrow latitudinal range at high latitudes. Since severe magnetic storms often occur with X flares, this may cause geomagnetic hazards.
Mirko Piersanti, Paola De Michelis, Dario Del Moro, Roberta Tozzi, Michael Pezzopane, Giuseppe Consolini, Maria Federica Marcucci, Monica Laurenza, Simone Di Matteo, Alessio Pignalberi, Virgilio Quattrociocchi, and Piero Diego
Ann. Geophys., 38, 703–724, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-703-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-703-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the solar event that occurred on 25 August 2018. This kind of comprehensive analysis plays a key role in better understanding the complexity of the processes occurring in the Sun–Earth system determining the geoeffectiveness of manifestations of solar activity. The analysis presented here shows for the first time a direct link between characteristics of solar perturbation, the magnetosphere–ionosphere system response and space weather effects.
Jorge L. Chau, Derek McKay, Juha P. Vierinen, Cesar La Hoz, Thomas Ulich, Markku Lehtinen, and Ralph Latteck
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9547–9560, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9547-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9547-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Combining a phased-array power radar and a phased-array radio telescope, we have been able to identify and characterized horizontal structures and movement of noctilucent clouds, but at 3 m scales instead of optical scales. As a byproduct of our observations, we have studied their angular dependence. We show a new alternative to study these clouds on routine basis and therefore study the atmospheric dynamics that modulate them.
Jyrki Manninen, Natalia Kleimenova, Tauno Turunen, and Liudmila Gromova
Ann. Geophys., 36, 915–923, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-915-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-915-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We reveal previously unknown quasi-periodic (QP) VLF emissions at the unusually high-frequency band of ~ 7–11 kHz by applying the digital filtering of strong sferics to the ground-based VLF data recorded at Kannuslehto station (KAN). In one event, the spectral–temporal forms of the emissions looked like a series of giant
bullets, with very abrupt cessation. In the second event, the modulation period was about 3 min under the absence of the simultaneous geomagnetic pulsations.
Johannes Norberg, Lassi Roininen, Antti Kero, Tero Raita, Thomas Ulich, Markku Markkanen, Liisa Juusola, and Kirsti Kauristie
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 5, 263–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-263-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-263-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory has been producing ionospheric tomography data since 2003. Based on these data, one solar cycle of ionospheric vertical total electron content (VTEC) estimates is constructed. The measurements are compared against the IRI-2012 model, F10.7 solar flux index and sunspot number data. Qualitatively the tomographic VTEC estimate corresponds to reference data very well, but the IRI-2012 model are on average 40 % higher of that of the tomographic results.
J. Manninen, N. G. Kleimenova, A. Kozlovsky, I. A. Kornilov, L. I. Gromova, Y. V. Fedorenko, and T. Turunen
Ann. Geophys., 33, 991–995, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-991-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-991-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A non-typical 1-4 kHz hiss was studied. It shows a sequence of separated noise bursts with strange “mushroom-like” shapes in the frequency-time domain, each lasting several minutes. This sequence could be a result of the modulation of the VLF hiss electron-cyclotron instability by Pc5 geomagnetic pulsations. This strange “mushroom-like” shape of the considered VLF hiss could be a combined mutual effect of the magnetospheric ULF-VLF wave interaction and the ionosphere waveguide propagation.
P. T. Verronen, M. E. Andersson, A. Kero, C.-F. Enell, J. M. Wissing, E. R. Talaat, K. Kauristie, M. Palmroth, T. E. Sarris, and E. Armandillo
Ann. Geophys., 33, 381–394, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-381-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-381-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Electron concentrations observed by EISCAT radars can be reasonable well represented using AIMOS v1.2 satellite-data-based ionization model and SIC D-region ion chemistry model. SIC-EISCAT difference varies from event to event, probably because the statistical nature of AIMOS ionization is not capturing all the spatio-temporal fine structure of electron precipitation. Below 90km, AIMOS overestimates electron ionization because of proton contamination of the satellite electron detectors.
A. Pignalberi, M. Pezzopane, and E. Zuccheretti
Ann. Geophys., 32, 1427–1440, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1427-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1427-2014, 2014
J. Manninen, N. G. Kleimenova, Yu. V. Fedorenko, P. A. Bespalov, and T. Turunen
Ann. Geophys., 32, 1163–1167, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1163-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1163-2014, 2014
C. Baumann, M. Rapp, A. Kero, and C.-F. Enell
Ann. Geophys., 31, 2049–2062, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-2049-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-2049-2013, 2013
M. Pezzopane, E. Zuccheretti, P. Abadi, A. J. de Abreu, R. de Jesus, P. R. Fagundes, P. Supnithi, S. Rungraengwajiake, T. Nagatsuma, T. Tsugawa, M. A. Cabrera, and R. G. Ezquer
Ann. Geophys., 31, 153–162, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-153-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-153-2013, 2013
Cited articles
Bullett, T., Malagnini, A., Pezzopane, M., and Scotto, C.: Application
of Autoscala to ionograms recorded by the VIPIR ionosonde, Adv. Space Res.,
45, 1156–1172, 2010.
Eaton, J. W. et al.: GNU Octave,
http://www.octave.org (last access 17 March 2016), version 3.2.4, 2009.
Galkin, I. A. and Reinisch, B. W.: The new ARTIST 5 for all digisondes,
Ionosonde Network Advisory Group Bull., 69,1–8,
http://www.ips.gov.au/IPSHosted/INAG/web-69/2008/artist5-inag.pdf,
2008.
Kozlovsky, A., Turunen, T., and Ulich, T.: Rapid-run ionosonde
observations of traveling ionospheric disturbances in the auroral
ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 118,
5265–5276, 2013.
Krasheninnikov, I., Pezzopane, M., and Scotto, C.: Application of Autoscala
to ionograms recorded by the AIS-Parus ionosonde, Comput.
Geosci., 36, 628–635, 2010.
Pezzopane, M. and Scotto, C.: Software for the automatic scaling of critical
frequency foF2 and MUF(3000)F2 from ionograms applied at the Ionospheric
Observatory of Gibilmanna, Ann. Gephys., 47, 1783–1790, 2004.
Pezzopane, M. and Scotto, C.: The INGV software for the automatic scaling of
foF2 and MUF(3000)F2 from ionograms: a performance comparison with
ARTIST 4.01 from Rome data, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 67,
1063–1073, 2005.
Pezzopane, M. and Scotto, C.: Automatic scaling of critical frequency
foF2 and MUF(3000)F2: A comparison between Autoscala and ARTIST 4.5
on Rome data, Radio Sci., 42, RS4003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006RS003581, 2007.
Pezzopane, M. and Scotto, C.: A method for automatic scaling of F1
critical frequencies from ionograms, Radio Sci., 43, 2, RS2S91,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007RS003723, 2008.
Pezzopane, M. and Scotto, C.: Highlighting the F2 trace on an ionogram to
improve Autoscala performance, Comput. Geosci., 36, 1168–1177,
2010.
Pezzopane, M., Zuccheretti, E., Bianchi, C., Scotto, C., Zolesi, B., Cabrera,
M. A., and Ezquer, R. G.: The new ionospheric station of Tucumán:
First results, Ann. Geophys., 50, 483–492, 2007.
Pezzopane, M., Scotto, C., Stanislawska, I., and Juchnikowski, G.: Ionosonde
Network Advisory Group Bulletin, chap. Autoscala applied at the Ionospheric
Station of Warsaw, 69, IPS Radio and Space Serv., Surry Hills,
N. S. W., Australia, http://www.sws.bom.gov.au/IPSHosted/INAG/web-69/2008/inag_warsaw.pdf
(last access: 8 March 2016), 1–6, 2008.
Pezzopane, M., Scotto, C., Tomasik, L., and Krasheninnikov, I.: Autoscala: an
aid for different ionosondes, Acta Geophys., 58, 513–526, 2010.
Piggott, W. R. and Rawer, K., (Eds.): U. R. S. I. handbook of ionogram
interpretation and reductions, vol. 23A of UAG, World Data Center A
for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 1978.
Reinisch, B. W., Galkin, I. A., Khmyrov, G. M., Kozlov, A. V., Bibl,
K., Lisysyan, I. A., Cheney, G. P., Huang, X., Kitrosser, D. F.,
Paznukhov, V. V., Luo, Y., Jones, W., Stelmash, S., Hamel, R., and
Grochmal, J.: New Digisonde for research and monitoring applications,
Radio Sci., 44, RS0A24, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008RS004115, 2009.
Rietveld, M. T., Wright, J. W., Zabotin, N., and Pitteway, M. L. V.:
The Tromsø dynasonde, Polar Science, 2, 55–71,
2008.
Scotto, C.: Electron density profile calculation technique for Autoscala
ionogram analysis, Adv. Space Res., 44, 756–766, 2009.
Scotto, C. and MacDougall, J.: Application of Autoscala software to the
Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde, Int. J. Remote Sensing, 33,
5574–5582, 2012.
Scotto, C. and Pezzopane, M.: A method for automatic scaling of sporadic
E layers from ionograms, Radio Sci., 42, RS2012,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006RS003461, 2007.
Scotto, C. and Pezzopane, M.: Removing multiple reflections from the F2
layer to improve Autoscala performance, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 70,
1929–1934, 2008.
Scotto, C., Pezzopane, M., and Zolesi, B.: Estimating the vertical
electron density profile from an ionogram: On the passage from true to
virtual heights via the target function method, Radio Sci., 47, RS1007,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RS004833, 2012.
Turunen, T. and Rao, M. M.: Statistical behaviour of sporadic E in
Sodankylä 1958–1971, Geophysica, 14, 77–98, 1976.
Wakai, N., Ohyama, H., and Koizumi, T.: Manual of Ionogram Scaling, Radio
Research Laboratory, Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, Japan, 3rd
Edn., 1987.
Short summary
Ionograms from the Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory ionosonde (station SO166) were scaled automatically with the Autoscala software during a test period. The results were compared with manually scaled ionospheric parameters. In general, the F-layer parameters were found to agree well, whereas high-latitude phenomena like auroral E layers were often misidentified.
Ionograms from the Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory ionosonde (station SO166) were scaled...
