Shallow geophysical techniques to investigate the groundwater table at the Great Pyramids of Giza, Egypt

Sharafeldin, Sharafeldin M.; Essa, Khalid S.; Youssef, Mohamed A. S.; Karsli, Hakan; Diab, Zein E.; Sayil, Nilgun

doi:10.5194/gi-8-29-2019

Articles | Volume 8, issue 1

https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-29-2019

© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-29-2019

© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Articles | Volume 8, issue 1

Research article

|

04 Feb 2019

Research article |

| 04 Feb 2019

Shallow geophysical techniques to investigate the groundwater table at the Great Pyramids of Giza, Egypt

Sharafeldin M. Sharafeldin, Khalid S. Essa, Mohamed A. S. Youssef, Hakan Karsli, Zein E. Diab, and Nilgun Sayil

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Mar 2022	20	21	2	43
Apr 2022	27	13	0	40
May 2022	31	11	2	44
Jun 2022	14	6	2	22
Jul 2022	12	3	0	15
Aug 2022	29	3	0	32
Sep 2022	18	8	0	26
Oct 2022	38	7	3	48
Nov 2022	58	11	0	69
Dec 2022	32	11	2	45
Jan 2023	21	15	1	37
Feb 2023	28	9	1	38
Mar 2023	42	21	1	64
Apr 2023	23	20	1	44
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Jun 2023	47	12	0	59
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Jul 2025	150	30	2	182
Aug 2025	134	22	1	157
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Oct 2025	123	39	4	166
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Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 26 Oct 2017)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Oct 2017	26	10	3	39
Nov 2017	45	15	2	62
Dec 2017	27	7	1	35
Jan 2018	42	4	6	52
Feb 2018	42	9	13	64
Mar 2018	22	13	4	39
Apr 2018	17	5	2	24
May 2018	9	4	0	13
Jun 2018	25	9	2	36
Jul 2018	24	5	1	30
Aug 2018	14	5	0	19
Sep 2018	10	5	1	16
Oct 2018	41	12	3	56
Nov 2018	51	16	2	69
Dec 2018	21	5	2	28
Jan 2019	45	7	2	54
Feb 2019	112	28	6	146
Mar 2019	88	26	2	116
Apr 2019	65	13	0	78
May 2019	37	19	0	56
Jun 2019	23	17	0	40
Jul 2019	21	16	1	38
Aug 2019	11	14	1	26
Sep 2019	18	15	0	33
Oct 2019	25	22	2	49
Nov 2019	8	10	0	18
Dec 2019	24	15	1	40
Jan 2020	11	14	1	26
Feb 2020	12	10	1	23
Mar 2020	15	11	0	26
Apr 2020	15	8	1	24
May 2020	24	9	1	34
Jun 2020	39	29	1	69
Jul 2020	52	55	18	125
Aug 2020	11	8	3	22
Sep 2020	29	17	0	46
Oct 2020	12	7	2	21
Nov 2020	10	15	0	25
Dec 2020	18	13	0	31
Jan 2021	22	11	0	33
Feb 2021	23	13	1	37
Mar 2021	23	16	1	40
Apr 2021	21	12	0	33
May 2021	18	13	1	32
Jun 2021	10	11	1	22
Jul 2021	14	6	0	20
Aug 2021	30	21	1	52
Sep 2021	17	15	0	32
Oct 2021	19	43	0	62
Nov 2021	54	33	4	91
Dec 2021	22	9	1	32
Jan 2022	19	12	0	31
Feb 2022	26	12	2	40
Mar 2022	20	21	2	43
Apr 2022	27	13	0	40
May 2022	31	11	2	44
Jun 2022	14	6	2	22
Jul 2022	12	3	0	15
Aug 2022	29	3	0	32
Sep 2022	18	8	0	26
Oct 2022	38	7	3	48
Nov 2022	58	11	0	69
Dec 2022	32	11	2	45
Jan 2023	21	15	1	37
Feb 2023	28	9	1	38
Mar 2023	42	21	1	64
Apr 2023	23	20	1	44
May 2023	38	15	7	60
Jun 2023	47	12	0	59
Jul 2023	45	9	1	55
Aug 2023	21	10	2	33
Sep 2023	41	12	4	57
Oct 2023	41	15	0	56
Nov 2023	29	12	0	41
Dec 2023	47	10	6	63
Jan 2024	34	4	1	39
Feb 2024	39	12	1	52
Mar 2024	51	9	0	60
Apr 2024	55	11	8	74
May 2024	51	17	2	70
Jun 2024	88	8	4	100
Jul 2024	51	10	1	62
Aug 2024	49	4	2	55
Sep 2024	49	6	2	57
Oct 2024	49	17	1	67
Nov 2024	45	6	0	51
Dec 2024	50	10	1	61
Jan 2025	46	13	1	60
Feb 2025	51	15	0	66
Mar 2025	334	29	0	363
Apr 2025	292	26	0	318
May 2025	241	7	3	251
Jun 2025	127	9	1	137
Jul 2025	150	30	2	182
Aug 2025	134	22	1	157
Sep 2025	152	20	0	172
Oct 2025	123	39	4	166
Nov 2025	181	17	1	199

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Short summary

Integrated geophysical techniques (ERT, SSR, and GPR) along the conducted profiles at the Great Pyramids of Giza have been successfully used to investigate the groundwater table and support hazard mitigation. The groundwater table elevation is 15 m under the Great Sphinx, which is safe, and at the Nazlet El-Samman it is 16–17 m.


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