Articles | Volume 13, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-205-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-205-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
08 Jul 2024
Research article |
| 08 Jul 2024
| 08 Jul 2024
Comparing triple and single Doppler lidar wind measurements with sonic anemometer data based on a new filter strategy for virtual tower measurements
Kevin Wolz
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research – Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Christopher Holst
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research – Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Frank Beyrich
Lindenberg Meteorological Observatory, German Meteorological Service (DWD), 15848 Tauche, Germany
Eileen Päschke
Lindenberg Meteorological Observatory, German Meteorological Service (DWD), 15848 Tauche, Germany
Matthias Mauder
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research – Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technical University of Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
Related authors
Johannes Speidel, Hannes Vogelmann, Andreas Behrendt, Diego Lange, Matthias Mauder, Jens Reichardt, and Kevin Wolz
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-168, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-168, 2024
Preprint under review for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
Humidity transport from the Earth's surface into the atmosphere is relevant for many processes. However, knowledge on the actual distribution of humidity concentrations is sparse – mainly due to technological limitations. With the herein presented lidar, it is possible to measure humidity concentrations and their vertical fluxes up to altitudes of >3 km with high spatio-temporal resolution, opening new possibilities for detailed process understanding and, ultimately, better model representation.
Johannes Speidel, Hannes Vogelmann, Andreas Behrendt, Diego Lange, Matthias Mauder, Jens Reichardt, and Kevin Wolz
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-168, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-168, 2024
Preprint under review for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
Humidity transport from the Earth's surface into the atmosphere is relevant for many processes. However, knowledge on the actual distribution of humidity concentrations is sparse – mainly due to technological limitations. With the herein presented lidar, it is possible to measure humidity concentrations and their vertical fluxes up to altitudes of >3 km with high spatio-temporal resolution, opening new possibilities for detailed process understanding and, ultimately, better model representation.
Hengheng Zhang, Wei Huang, Xiaoli Shen, Ramakrishna Ramisetty, Junwei Song, Olga Kiseleva, Christopher Claus Holst, Basit Khan, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10617–10637, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10617-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10617-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study unravels how stagnant winter conditions elevate aerosol levels in Stuttgart. Cloud cover at night plays a pivotal role, impacting morning air quality. Validating a key model, our findings aid accurate air quality predictions, crucial for effective pollution mitigation in urban areas.
Eileen Päschke and Carola Detring
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3187–3217, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3187-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3187-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Little noise in radial velocity Doppler lidar measurements can contribute to large errors in retrieved turbulence variables. In order to distinguish between plausible and erroneous measurements we developed new filter techniques that work independently of the choice of a specific threshold for the signal-to-noise ratio. The performance of these techniques is discussed both by means of assessing the filter results and by comparing retrieved turbulence variables versus independent measurements.
Patricia Glocke, Christopher Claus Holst, Basit Ali Khan, and Susanne Amelie Benz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1234, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1234, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show that temperature anomalies of +/-5 K at a depth of 2 m in the soil can impact atmospheric potential air temperatures in idealized domains, utilizing the urban micro-climate model PALM-4U, depending on the season, daytime, land cover, and lateral boundary conditions of the domain. The magnitude of change depends mostly on seasonality and daytime. This amounts between 0.1 K and 0.4 K. Land covers have an influence on the absolute temperature but a smaller one on the magnitude.
Changxing Lan, Matthias Mauder, Stavros Stagakis, Benjamin Loubet, Claudio D'Onofrio, Stefan Metzger, David Durden, and Pedro-Henrique Herig-Coimbra
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2649–2669, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2649-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2649-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using eddy-covariance systems deployed in three cities, we aimed to elucidate the sources of discrepancies in flux estimations from different software packages. One crucial finding is the impact of low-frequency spectral loss corrections on tall-tower flux estimations. Our findings emphasize the significance of a standardized measurement setup and consistent postprocessing configurations in minimizing the systematic flux uncertainty resulting from the usage of different software packages.
Sinikka J. Paulus, Rene Orth, Sung-Ching Lee, Anke Hildebrandt, Martin Jung, Jacob A. Nelson, Tarek Sebastian El-Madany, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Matthias Mauder, Jannis Groh, Alexander Graf, Markus Reichstein, and Mirco Migliavacca
Biogeosciences, 21, 2051–2085, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2051-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2051-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Porous materials are known to reversibly trap water from the air, even at low humidity. However, this behavior is poorly understood for soils. In this analysis, we test whether eddy covariance is able to measure the so-called adsorption of atmospheric water vapor by soils. We find that this flux occurs frequently during dry nights in a Mediterranean ecosystem, while EC detects downwardly directed vapor fluxes. These results can help to map moisture uptake globally.
Sreenath Paleri, Luise Wanner, Matthias Sühring, Ankur Desai, and Matthias Mauder
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1721, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1721, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We present a description and evaluation of numerical simulations of field experiment days during the CHEESEHEAD19 field campaign, conducted over a heterogeneous forested domain in Northern Wisconsin, USA. Diurnal simulations, informed and constrained by field measurements for two days during the summer and autumn were performed. The model could simulate near surface time series and profiles of atmospheric state variables and fluxes that matched relatively well with observations.
Julian Steinheuer, Carola Detring, Frank Beyrich, Ulrich Löhnert, Petra Friederichs, and Stephanie Fiedler
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3243–3260, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3243-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3243-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Doppler wind lidars (DWLs) allow the determination of wind profiles with high vertical resolution and thus provide an alternative to meteorological towers. We address the question of whether wind gusts can be derived since they are short-lived phenomena. Therefore, we compare different DWL configurations and develop a new method applicable to all of them. A fast continuous scanning mode that completes a full observation cycle within 3.4 s is found to be the best-performing configuration.
Charlotte Rahlves, Frank Beyrich, and Siegfried Raasch
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2839–2856, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2839-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2839-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Lidars can measure the wind profile in the lower part of the atmosphere, provided that the wind field is horizontally uniform and does not change during the time of the measurement. These requirements are mostly not fulfilled in reality, and the lidar wind measurement will thus hold a certain error. We investigate different strategies for lidar wind profiling using a lidar simulator implemented in a numerical simulation of the wind field. Our findings can help to improve wind measurements.
Matthias Mauder, Andreas Ibrom, Luise Wanner, Frederik De Roo, Peter Brugger, Ralf Kiese, and Kim Pilegaard
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7835–7850, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7835-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7835-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Turbulent flux measurements suffer from a general systematic underestimation. One reason for this bias is non-local transport by large-scale circulations. A recently developed model for this additional transport of sensible and latent energy is evaluated for three different test sites. Different options on how to apply this correction are presented, and the results are evaluated against independent measurements.
Stefan Metzger, David Durden, Sreenath Paleri, Matthias Sühring, Brian J. Butterworth, Christopher Florian, Matthias Mauder, David M. Plummer, Luise Wanner, Ke Xu, and Ankur R. Desai
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6929–6954, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6929-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6929-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The key points are the following. (i) Integrative observing system design can multiply the information gain of surface–atmosphere field measurements. (ii) Catalyzing numerical simulations and first-principles machine learning open up observing system simulation experiments to novel applications. (iii) Use cases include natural climate solutions, emission inventory validation, urban air quality, and industry leak detection.
Tamino Wetz, Norman Wildmann, and Frank Beyrich
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3795–3814, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3795-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3795-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A fleet of quadrotors is presented as a system to measure the spatial distribution of atmospheric boundary layer flow. The big advantage of this approach is that multiple and flexible measurement points in space can be sampled synchronously. The algorithm to calculate the horizontal wind is based on the principle of aerodynamic drag and the related quadrotor dynamics. The validation reveals that an average accuracy of < 0.3 m s−1 for the wind speed and < 8° for the wind direction was achieved.
Basit Khan, Sabine Banzhaf, Edward C. Chan, Renate Forkel, Farah Kanani-Sühring, Klaus Ketelsen, Mona Kurppa, Björn Maronga, Matthias Mauder, Siegfried Raasch, Emmanuele Russo, Martijn Schaap, and Matthias Sühring
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1171–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1171-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1171-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An atmospheric chemistry model has been implemented in the microscale PALM model system 6.0. This article provides a detailed description of the model, its structure, input requirements, various features and limitations. Several pre-compiled ready-to-use chemical mechanisms are included in the chemistry model code; however, users can also easily implement other mechanisms. A case study is presented to demonstrate the application of the new chemistry model in the urban environment.
Norman Wildmann, Eileen Päschke, Anke Roiger, and Christian Mallaun
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 4141–4158, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4141-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4141-2020, 2020
Benjamin Fersch, Alfonso Senatore, Bianca Adler, Joël Arnault, Matthias Mauder, Katrin Schneider, Ingo Völksch, and Harald Kunstmann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2457–2481, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2457-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2457-2020, 2020
Björn Maronga, Sabine Banzhaf, Cornelia Burmeister, Thomas Esch, Renate Forkel, Dominik Fröhlich, Vladimir Fuka, Katrin Frieda Gehrke, Jan Geletič, Sebastian Giersch, Tobias Gronemeier, Günter Groß, Wieke Heldens, Antti Hellsten, Fabian Hoffmann, Atsushi Inagaki, Eckhard Kadasch, Farah Kanani-Sühring, Klaus Ketelsen, Basit Ali Khan, Christoph Knigge, Helge Knoop, Pavel Krč, Mona Kurppa, Halim Maamari, Andreas Matzarakis, Matthias Mauder, Matthias Pallasch, Dirk Pavlik, Jens Pfafferott, Jaroslav Resler, Sascha Rissmann, Emmanuele Russo, Mohamed Salim, Michael Schrempf, Johannes Schwenkel, Gunther Seckmeyer, Sebastian Schubert, Matthias Sühring, Robert von Tils, Lukas Vollmer, Simon Ward, Björn Witha, Hauke Wurps, Julian Zeidler, and Siegfried Raasch
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1335–1372, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1335-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1335-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we describe the PALM model system 6.0. PALM is a Fortran-based turbulence-resolving code and has been applied for studying a variety of atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers for about 20 years. The model is optimized for use on massively parallel computer architectures. During the last years, PALM has been significantly improved and now offers a variety of new components that are especially designed to simulate the urban atmosphere at building-resolving resolution.
Matthias Mauder, Michael Eggert, Christian Gutsmuths, Stefan Oertel, Paul Wilhelm, Ingo Voelksch, Luise Wanner, Jens Tambke, and Ivan Bogoev
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 969–983, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-969-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-969-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Sonic anemometers are prone to probe-induced flow distortion effects. Here, we present the results of an intercomparison experiment between a CSAT3B sonic anemometer and a high-resolution bistatic Doppler lidar, which is inherently free of flow distortion. Our results show an agreement of the mean wind velocity measurements and the standard deviations of the vertical wind speed with comparabilities of 0.082 and 0.020 m s−1, respectively. Friction velocity is underestimated by the CSAT3B by 3 %.
Genki Katata, Rüdiger Grote, Matthias Mauder, Matthias J. Zeeman, and Masakazu Ota
Biogeosciences, 17, 1071–1085, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1071-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1071-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we demonstrate that high physiological activity levels during the extremely warm winter are allocated into the below-ground biomass and only to a minor extent used for additional plant growth during early spring. This process is so far largely unaccounted for in scenario analysis using global terrestrial biosphere models, and it may lead to carbon accumulation in the soil and/or carbon loss from the soil as a response to global warming.
Paul C. Stoy, Tarek S. El-Madany, Joshua B. Fisher, Pierre Gentine, Tobias Gerken, Stephen P. Good, Anne Klosterhalfen, Shuguang Liu, Diego G. Miralles, Oscar Perez-Priego, Angela J. Rigden, Todd H. Skaggs, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ray G. Anderson, A. Miriam J. Coenders-Gerrits, Martin Jung, Wouter H. Maes, Ivan Mammarella, Matthias Mauder, Mirco Migliavacca, Jacob A. Nelson, Rafael Poyatos, Markus Reichstein, Russell L. Scott, and Sebastian Wolf
Biogeosciences, 16, 3747–3775, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3747-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3747-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Key findings are the nearly optimal response of T to atmospheric water vapor pressure deficits across methods and scales. Additionally, the notion that T / ET intermittently approaches 1, which is a basis for many partitioning methods, does not hold for certain methods and ecosystems. To better constrain estimates of E and T from combined ET measurements, we propose a combination of independent measurement techniques to better constrain E and T at the ecosystem scale.
Sadiq Huq, Frederik De Roo, Siegfried Raasch, and Matthias Mauder
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 2523–2538, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2523-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2523-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
To study turbulence in heterogeneous terrain, high-resolution LES is desired. However, the desired resolution is often restricted by computational constraints. We present a two-way interactive vertical grid nesting technique that enables high-resolution LES of the surface layer. By employing a finer grid only close to the surface layer, the total computational memory requirement is reduced. We demonstrate the accuracy and performance of the method for a convective boundary layer simulation.
Anne Klosterhalfen, Alexander Graf, Nicolas Brüggemann, Clemens Drüe, Odilia Esser, María P. González-Dugo, Günther Heinemann, Cor M. J. Jacobs, Matthias Mauder, Arnold F. Moene, Patrizia Ney, Thomas Pütz, Corinna Rebmann, Mario Ramos Rodríguez, Todd M. Scanlon, Marius Schmidt, Rainer Steinbrecher, Christoph K. Thomas, Veronika Valler, Matthias J. Zeeman, and Harry Vereecken
Biogeosciences, 16, 1111–1132, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1111-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1111-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
To obtain magnitudes of flux components of H2O and CO2 (e.g., transpiration, soil respiration), we applied source partitioning approaches after Scanlon and Kustas (2010) and after Thomas et al. (2008) to high-frequency eddy covariance measurements of 12 study sites covering various ecosystems (croplands, grasslands, and forests) in different climatic regions. We analyzed the interrelations among turbulence, site characteristics, and the performance of both partitioning methods.
Tirtha Banerjee, Peter Brugger, Frederik De Roo, Konstantin Kröniger, Dan Yakir, Eyal Rotenberg, and Matthias Mauder
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10025–10038, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10025-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10025-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the nature of turbulent transport over a well-defined surface heterogeneity (approximate scale 7 km) comprising a shrubland and a forest in the Yatir semiarid area in Israel. Using eddy covariance and Doppler lidar measurements, we studied the variations in the turbulent kinetic energy budget and turbulent fluxes, focusing especially on transport terms. We also confirmed the role of large-scale secondary circulations that transport energy between the shrubland and the forest.
Frederik De Roo and Matthias Mauder
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5059–5074, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5059-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5059-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the mismatch between incoming energy and the turbulent flux of sensible heat at the Earth's surface and how surface heterogeneity affects this imbalance. To resolve the turbulent fluxes we employ large-eddy simulations. We study terrain with different heterogeneity lengths and quantify the contributions of advection by the mean flow and horizontal flux-divergence in the surface energy budget. We find that the latter contributions depend on the scale of the heterogeneity length.
Matthias Mauder and Matthias J. Zeeman
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 249–263, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-249-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-249-2018, 2018
Tirtha Banerjee, Frederik De Roo, and Matthias Mauder
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2987–3000, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2987-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2987-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The canopy convector effect in the context of canopy turbulence was recently introduced by Rotenberg and Yakir (Science, 2010). However, there was a lack of understanding of this phenomenon as a generic feature of canopy turbulence, as we have demonstrated in this paper. Uncertainties of existing parameterizations of canopy aerodynamic resistance to heat transfer are discussed and possible remedies are suggested.
V. Maurer, N. Kalthoff, A. Wieser, M. Kohler, M. Mauder, and L. Gantner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1377–1400, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1377-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1377-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The measurement of turbulence in the lowest 1–2 km above the land surface is important for our understanding of boundary-layer processes. We compared turbulence profiles measured at three locations lying about 3 km apart and found that the deployment of the instruments in different crop fields has no direct influence on turbulence statistics on cloud-free days. Nevertheless, spatial differences as well as correlations were found, indicating the existence of organized structures of turbulence.
E. Päschke, R. Leinweber, and V. Lehmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 2251–2266, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2251-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2251-2015, 2015
G. Fratini and M. Mauder
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 2273–2281, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2273-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2273-2014, 2014
V. M. Stepanenko, A. Martynov, K. D. Jöhnk, Z. M. Subin, M. Perroud, X. Fang, F. Beyrich, D. Mironov, and S. Goyette
Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 1337–1352, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1337-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1337-2013, 2013
S. Metzger, W. Junkermann, M. Mauder, K. Butterbach-Bahl, B. Trancón y Widemann, F. Neidl, K. Schäfer, S. Wieneke, X. H. Zheng, H. P. Schmid, and T. Foken
Biogeosciences, 10, 2193–2217, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2193-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2193-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Lidar
Collaborative development of the Lidar Processing Pipeline (LPP) for retrievals of atmospheric aerosols and clouds
MOLISENS: MObile LIdar SENsor System to exploit the potential of small industrial lidar devices for geoscientific applications
Architecture of solution for panoramic image blurring in GIS project application
Dense point cloud acquisition with a low-cost Velodyne VLP-16
Juan Vicente Pallotta, Silvânia Alves de Carvalho, Fabio Juliano da Silva Lopes, Alexandre Cacheffo, Eduardo Landulfo, and Henrique Melo Jorge Barbosa
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 12, 171–185, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-12-171-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-12-171-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Lidar networks coordinate efforts of different groups, providing guidelines to homogenize retrievals from different instruments. We describe an ongoing effort to develop the Lidar Processing Pipeline (LPP) collaboratively, a collection of tools developed in C/C++ to handle all the steps of a typical lidar analysis. Analysis of simulations and real lidar data showcases the LPP’s features. From this exercise, we draw a roadmap to guide future development, accommodating the needs of our community.
Thomas Goelles, Tobias Hammer, Stefan Muckenhuber, Birgit Schlager, Jakob Abermann, Christian Bauer, Víctor J. Expósito Jiménez, Wolfgang Schöner, Markus Schratter, Benjamin Schrei, and Kim Senger
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 247–261, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-247-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-247-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a newly developed modular MObile LIdar SENsor System (MOLISENS) to enable new applications for small industrial light detection and ranging (lidar) sensors. MOLISENS supports both monitoring of dynamic processes and mobile mapping applications. The mobile mapping application of MOLISENS has been tested under various conditions, and results are shown from two surveys in the Lurgrotte cave system in Austria and a glacier cave in Longyearbreen on Svalbard.
Dejan Vasić, Marina Davidović, Ivan Radosavljević, and Đorđe Obradović
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 10, 287–296, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-10-287-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-10-287-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of this paper is to present a new architecture of a solution for object detecting and blurring. Our algorithm is tested on four data sets of panorama images. The percentage of accuracy, i.e., the successfully detected objects of interest, is higher than 97 % for each data set. The proposed algorithm has a wide application for images of different types, surveyed with various purposes, and also for the detection of different types of objects.
Jason Bula, Marc-Henri Derron, and Gregoire Mariethoz
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 9, 385–396, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-385-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-385-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a method to acquire dense point clouds with a low-cost Velodyne Puck lidar system, without using expensive Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning or IMU. We mounted the lidar on a motor to continuously change the scan direction, leading to a significant increase in the point cloud density. The system was compared with a more expensive system based on IMU registration and a SLAM algorithm. The alignment between acquisitions with those two systems is within 2 m.
Cited articles
Ansmann, A. and Müller, D.: Lidar and Atmospheric Aerosol Particles, in: Lidar: Range-Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, edited by: Weitkamp, C., Scholars Portal, New York, 105–141, https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25101-4_4, 2005.
Beck, H. and Kühn, M.: Dynamic Data Filtering of Long-Range Doppler LiDAR Wind Speed Measurements, Remote Sens., 9, 561, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9060561, 2017.
Beyrich, F., Leps, J.-P., Mauder, M., Bange, J., Foken, T., Huneke, S., Lohse, H., Lüdi, A., Meijninger, W. M. L., Mironov, D., Weisensee, U., and Zittel, P.: Area-Averaged Surface Fluxes Over the Litfass Region Based on Eddy-Covariance Measurements, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol, 121, 33–65, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-006-9052-x, 2006.
Bonin, T. A., Choukulkar, A., Brewer, W. A., Sandberg, S. P., Weickmann, A. M., Pichugina, Y. L., Banta, R. M., Oncley, S. P., and Wolfe, D. E.: Evaluation of turbulence measurement techniques from a single Doppler lidar, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 3021–3039, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3021-2017, 2017.
Browning, K. A. and Wexler, R.: The Determination of Kinematic Properties of a Wind Field Using Doppler Radar, J. Appl. Meteor., 7, 105–113, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1968)007<0105:TDOKPO>2.0.CO;2, 1968.
Calhoun, R., Heap, R., Princebac, M., Sommer, J., Fernando, H., and Ligon, D.: Measurement of winds flowing toward an urban area using coherent doppler lidar, in: Fifth Conference on the Urban Environment, CD-ROM, 3.8, American Meteorological Society, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2004.
Chanin, M. L., Garnier, A., Hauchecorne, A., and Porteneuve, J.: A Doppler lidar for measuring winds in the middle atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 1273–1276, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL016i011p01273, 1989.
Choukulkar, A., Brewer, W. A., Sandberg, S. P., Weickmann, A., Bonin, T. A., Hardesty, R. M., Lundquist, J. K., Delgado, R., Iungo, G. V., Ashton, R., Debnath, M., Bianco, L., Wilczak, J. M., Oncley, S., and Wolfe, D.: Evaluation of single and multiple Doppler lidar techniques to measure complex flow during the XPIA field campaign, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 247–264, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-247-2017, 2017.
Emeis, S., Harris, M., and Banta, R. M.: Boundary-layer anemometry by optical remote sensing for wind energy applications, Meteorol. Z., 16, 337–347, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2007/0225, 2007.
Fischler, M. A. and Bolles, R. C.: Random sample consensus, Commun. ACM, 24, 381–395, https://doi.org/10.1145/358669.358692, 1981.
Frehlich, R. and Kelley, N.: Measurements of Wind and Turbulence Profiles With Scanning Doppler Lidar for Wind Energy Applications, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observations Remote Sensing, 1, 42–47, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2008.2001758, 2008.
Fuertes, F. C., Iungo, G. V., and Porté-Agel, F.: 3D Turbulence Measurements Using Three Synchronous Wind Lidars: Validation against Sonic Anemometry, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 31, 1549–1556, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00206.1, 2014.
Hartigan, J. A. and Hartigan, P. M.: The dip test of unimodality, Ann. Stat., 13, 70–84, 1985.
Hoaglin, D. C., Mosteller, F., and Tukey, J. W.: Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics, Understanding Robust and Exploratory Data Analysis, 447, Wiley, ISBN 978-0-471-38491-5, 1983.
Huffaker, R. M. and Hardesty, R. M.: Remote sensing of atmospheric wind velocities using solid-state and CO/sub 2/ coherent laser systems, Proc. IEEE, 84, 181–204, https://doi.org/10.1109/5.482228, 1996.
Illingworth, A. J., Cimini, D., Haefele, A., Haeffelin, M., Hervo, M., Kotthaus, S., Löhnert, U., Martinet, P., Mattis, I., O'Connor, E. J., and Potthast, R.: How Can Existing Ground-Based Profiling Instruments Improve European Weather Forecasts?, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 100, 605–619, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0231.1, 2019.
Lundquist, J. K., Churchfield, M. J., Lee, S., and Clifton, A.: Quantifying error of lidar and sodar Doppler beam swinging measurements of wind turbine wakes using computational fluid dynamics, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 907–920, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-907-2015, 2015.
Manninen, A. J., O'Connor, E. J., Vakkari, V., and Petäjä, T.: A generalised background correction algorithm for a Halo Doppler lidar and its application to data from Finland, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 817–827, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-817-2016, 2016.
Mariani, Z., Crawford, R., Casati, B., and Lemay, F.: A Multi-Year Evaluation of Doppler Lidar Wind-Profile Observations in the Arctic, Remote Sens., 12, 323, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020323, 2020.
Mauder, M. and Zeeman, M. J.: Field intercomparison of prevailing sonic anemometers, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 249–263, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-249-2018, 2018.
Mauder, M., Oncley, S. P., Vogt, R., Weidinger, T., Ribeiro, L., Bernhofer, C., Foken, T., Kohsiek, W., Bruin, H. A. R. de, and Liu, H.: The energy balance experiment EBEX-2000. Part II: Intercomparison of eddy-covariance sensors and post-field data processing methods, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 123, 29–54, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-006-9139-4, 2007.
Mauder, M., Cuntz, M., Drüe, C., Graf, A., Rebmann, C., Schmid, H. P., Schmidt, M., and Steinbrecher, R.: A strategy for quality and uncertainty assessment of long-term eddy-covariance measurements, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 169, 122–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.09.006, 2013.
Mauder, M., Eggert, M., Gutsmuths, C., Oertel, S., Wilhelm, P., Voelksch, I., Wanner, L., Tambke, J., and Bogoev, I.: Comparison of turbulence measurements by a CSAT3B sonic anemometer and a high-resolution bistatic Doppler lidar, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 969–983, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-969-2020, 2020.
Newman, J. F., Bonin, T. A., Klein, P. M., Wharton, S., and Newsom, R. K.: Testing and validation of multi-lidar scanning strategies for wind energy applications, Wind Energ., 19, 2239–2254, https://doi.org/10.1002/we.1978, 2016.
Park, S., Kim, S.-W., Park, M.-S., and Song, C.-K.: Measurement of Planetary Boundary Layer Winds with Scanning Doppler Lidar, Remote Sens., 10, 1261, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081261, 2018.
Päschke, E., Leinweber, R., and Lehmann, V.: An assessment of the performance of a 1.5 µm Doppler lidar for operational vertical wind profiling based on a 1-year trial, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 2251–2266, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2251-2015, 2015.
Päschke, E. and Detring, C.: Noise filtering options for conically scanning Doppler lidar measurements with low pulse accumulation, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3187–3217, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3187-2024, 2024.
Pauscher, L., Vasiljevic, N., Callies, D., Lea, G., Mann, J., Klaas, T., Hieronimus, J., Gottschall, J., Schwesig, A., Kühn, M., and Courtney, M.: An Inter-Comparison Study of Multi- and DBS Lidar Measurements in Complex Terrain, Remote Sens., 8, 782, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8090782, 2016.
Pichugina, Y., Banta, R., Brewer, A., Choukulkar, A., Marquis, M., Olson, J., and Hardesty, M.: Doppler Lidar in the Wind Forecast Improvement Projects, EPJ Web Conf., 119, 10001, https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201611910001, 2016.
Rahlves, C., Beyrich, F., and Raasch, S.: Scan strategies for wind profiling with Doppler lidar – an large-eddy simulation (LES)-based evaluation, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2839–2856, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2839-2022, 2022.
Robey, R. and Lundquist, J. K.: Behavior and mechanisms of Doppler wind lidar error in varying stability regimes, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4585–4622, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4585-2022, 2022.
Rott, A., Schneemann, J., Theuer, F., Trujillo Quintero, J. J., and Kühn, M.: Alignment of scanning lidars in offshore wind farms, Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 283–297, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-283-2022, 2022.
Sathe, A., Mann, J., Gottschall, J., and Courtney, M. S.: Can Wind Lidars Measure Turbulence?, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 28, 853–868, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-10-05004.1, 2011.
Sathe, A. and Mann, J.: A review of turbulence measurements using ground-based wind lidars, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3147–3167, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3147-2013, 2013.
Sathe, A., Mann, J., Vasiljevic, N., and Lea, G.: A six-beam method to measure turbulence statistics using ground-based wind lidars, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 729–740, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-729-2015, 2015.
Smalikho, I. N. and Banakh, V. A.: Measurements of wind turbulence parameters by a conically scanning coherent Doppler lidar in the atmospheric boundary layer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 4191–4208, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4191-2017, 2017.
Stawiarski, C., Träumner, K., Knigge, C., and Calhoun, R.: Scopes and Challenges of Dual-Doppler Lidar Wind Measurements – An Error Analysis, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 30, 2044–2062, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00244.1, 2013.
Steinheuer, J., Detring, C., Beyrich, F., Löhnert, U., Friederichs, P., and Fiedler, S.: A new scanning scheme and flexible retrieval for mean winds and gusts from Doppler lidar measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3243–3260, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3243-2022, 2022.
Strauch, R. G., Merritt, D. A., Moran, K. P., Earnshaw, K. B., and van Kamp, D. de: The Colorado Wind-Profiling Network, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 1, 37–49, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1984)001<0037:TCWPN>2.0.CO;2, 1984.
Weitkamp, C. (Ed.): Lidar: Range-Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, in: Springer Series in Optical Sciences, Scholars Portal, 1 online resource, Springer, New York, https://doi.org/10.1007/b106786, 2005.
Werner, C.: Doppler Wind Lidar, in: Lidar: Range-Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, edited by: Weitkamp, C., Scholars Portal, New York, 325–354, https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25101-4_12, 2005.
Wolz, K. and Mauder, M.: Doppler Lidar virtual tower horizontal wind speed, wind direction, TKE, and gust data measured between 1 June and 14 September 2020 in Falkenberg (Tauche), Germany, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10461733, 2024.
Wulfmeyer, V., Hardesty, R. M., Turner, D. D., Behrendt, A., Cadeddu, M. P., Di Girolamo, P., Schlüssel, P., van Baelen, J., and Zus, F.: A review of the remote sensing of lower tropospheric thermodynamic profiles and its indispensable role for the understanding and the simulation of water and energy cycles, Rev. Geophys., 53, 819–895, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014RG000476, 2015.
Wulfmeyer, V., Turner, D. D., Baker, B., Banta, R., Behrendt, A., Bonin, T., Brewer, W. A., Buban, M., Choukulkar, A., Dumas, E., Hardesty, R. M., Heus, T., Ingwersen, J., Lange, D., Lee, T. R., Metzendorf, S., Muppa, S. K., Meyers, T., Newsom, R., Osman, M., Raasch, S., Santanello, J., Senff, C., Späth, F., Wagner, T., and Weckwerth, T.: A New Research Approach for Observing and Characterizing Land–Atmosphere Feedback, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 99, 1639–1667, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0009.1, 2018.
Zeeman, M., Holst, C. C., Kossmann, M., Leukauf, D., Münkel, C., Philipp, A., Rinke, R., and Emeis, S.: Urban Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Structure in Complex Topography: An Empirical 3D Case Study for Stuttgart, Germany, Front. Earth Sci., 10, 840112, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.840112, 2022.
Short summary
We compared wind measurements using different lidar setups at various heights. The triple Doppler lidar, sonic anemometer, and two single Doppler lidars were tested. Overall, the lidar methods showed good agreement with the sonic anemometer. The triple Doppler lidar performed better than single Doppler lidars, especially at higher altitudes. We also developed a new filtering approach for virtual tower scanning strategies. Single Doppler lidars provide reliable wind data over flat terrain.
We compared wind measurements using different lidar setups at various heights. The triple...
