Articles | Volume 15, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-15-141-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-15-141-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Experimental analysis of Taylor bubble regimes using kymography: a tool for understanding bubble ascent dynamics in open-vent volcanic conduits
School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Eric C. P. Breard
School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
Tom D. Pering
School of Geography and Planning, The University of Sheffield, Winter Street, Sheffield, United Kingdom
VolcanoTech, The Innovation Centre, 217 Portobello, Sheffield, S1 4DP, United Kingdom
Linda A. Kirstein
School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Ian B. Butler
School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
J. Godfrey Fitton
School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Curling stones often collide with each other during a game. Over time, these collisions cause damage in the striking bands on the sides of the stones. We determined experimentally how hard these stones collide into one another. We then looked at old curling stones to understand how damage builds up in these rocks. We found that early, fast impacts produce fractures until the striking band is saturated in fractures. Repeated impacts after this stage make fractures grow.
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Water vapor makes up more than 70 % of volcanic gas emissions but accurate H2O flux measurements remain challenging. We developed a multi-band near-infrared camera system that directly measures volcanic water vapor. Testing and validating our approach at two different volcanic settings in Chile and Iceland we found underestimation of water vapor fluxes and provides data that improves our understanding of volcanic activity and gas release patterns.
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Here we introduce a new approach for analysing time-resolved 3D X-ray images tracking mineral changes in rocks. Using deep learning, we accurately identify and quantify the evolution of mineral components during reactions. The method demonstrates high precision in quantifying a metamorphic reaction, enabling accurate calculation of mineral growth rates and porosity changes. This showcases artificial intelligence's potential to enhance our understanding of Earth science processes.
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Hydraulic rock properties such as porosity and permeability are relevant factors that have an impact on groundwater resources, geological repositories and fossil fuel reservoirs. We investigate the influence of chemical compaction upon the porosity evolution in salt–biotite mixtures and related transport length scales by conducting laboratory experiments in combination with 4-D analysis. Our observations invite a renewed discussion of the effect of sheet silicates on chemical compaction.
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Short summary
Some volcanic eruptions are driven by huge gas pockets called Taylor bubbles. Volcanologists use experiments that replicate flow inside volcanic conduits to study these eruptions. We show for the first time that kymography can be used to effectively quantify key Taylor bubble flow features such as: gas volume fraction, gas and liquid slug velocities, bubble length and diameter, falling film thickness, bubble and coalescence event counts, and to indicate steady-state ascent.
Some volcanic eruptions are driven by huge gas pockets called Taylor bubbles. Volcanologists use...