Lakes at glacier margins can drain beneath the ice in devastating, floods called jökulhlaups. We present the first 2D model of jökulhlaup propagation, first applying it to a synthetic glacier, before then assessing its ability to reproduce an observed record of lake fill-drain cycles in Greenland. Our results match a 17-year record of flood timing but underpredicts peak discharge likely because we are missing certain physical processes. Our results hold promise for simulating jökulhlaups.

We installed six automatic weather stations from 3,810 m to 8,810 m on Mount Everest region to better understand weather conditions at high altitudes. These measurements reveal how temperature, humidity, and wind changes with height and season. Our results show differences between observations and widely used ERA5 datasets. This improved knowledge helps scientists better understand mountain weather and climate, climate change and supports water resource planning for communities downstream.

The future of the world’s glaciers under climate change is simulated using models. However, the modelled response of glaciers to rising temperatures is stronger in some models than in others. This study compares the simulated behaviour of a glacier at high elevation using four models to compare how each one reacts to rising temperatures. Simple models respond more strongly than is realistic, because they do not account for the full range of environmental factors which affect the glacier.

Extreme precipitation shapes hazards and water resources in high mountains, but is rarely observed directly. On 4 October 2025, weather stations on Mt. Everest recorded one of the most extreme snowfall events ever measured. The storm revealed that Himalayan snowfall extremes can be far larger than previously documented, and that intense snowfall can cool the atmosphere sufficiently to prevent rain at impact-sensitive elevations, complicating the picture of how warming will affect future storms.

Using satellite imagery and machine learning, we created the first Greenland-wide dataset of slush (waterlogged snow) from 2016 to 2024. Slush was widespread and varied strongly between years and across Greenland, becoming most extensive during high melt seasons. It was most common where melting was greater and snow had less capacity to store water. These findings show that slush should be included in models of future melting and sea-level rise.