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Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems
An interactive open-access journal of the European Geosciences Union
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IF 1.182
1.437CiteScore
3.0SNIP 0.686
SJR 0.538
index 11h5-index 13
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Abstracted/indexed
Volume 5, issue 2
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 5, 521–530, 2016
https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-521-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-521-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 5, 521–530, 2016
https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-521-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-521-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article 17 Nov 2016
Research article | 17 Nov 2016
Optimized merging of search coil and fluxgate data for MMS
David Fischer et al.
Related authors
Yasuhito Narita, Ferdinand Plaschke, Werner Magnes, David Fischer, and Daniel Schmid
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2020-31, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2020-31, 2020
Preprint under review for GI
Short summary
Short summary
Systematic error of calibrated fluxgate magnetometer data is studied for a spinning spacecraft. The major error comes from the offset uncertainty when the ambient magnetic field is low, whle the error represents the combination of non-orthogonality, misalignment to spacecraft reference direction, and gain when the ambient field is high. The results are useful in developing future high-precision magnetometers as well as an error estimate in scientific studies using magnetometer data.
Ferdinand Plaschke, Hans-Ulrich Auster, David Fischer, Karl-Heinz Fornaçon, Werner Magnes, Ingo Richter, Dragos Constantinescu, and Yasuhito Narita
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 8, 63–76, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-63-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-63-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Raw output of spacecraft magnetometers has to be converted into meaningful units and coordinate systems before it is usable for scientific applications. This conversion is defined by 12 calibration parameters, 8 of which are more easily determined in flight if the spacecraft is spinning. We present theory and advanced algorithms to determine these eight parameters. They take into account the physical magnetometer and spacecraft behavior, making them superior to previously published algorithms.
Yasuhito Narita, Ferdinand Plaschke, Werner Magnes, David Fischer, and Daniel Schmid
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2020-31, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2020-31, 2020
Preprint under review for GI
Short summary
Short summary
Systematic error of calibrated fluxgate magnetometer data is studied for a spinning spacecraft. The major error comes from the offset uncertainty when the ambient magnetic field is low, whle the error represents the combination of non-orthogonality, misalignment to spacecraft reference direction, and gain when the ambient field is high. The results are useful in developing future high-precision magnetometers as well as an error estimate in scientific studies using magnetometer data.
Andreas Pollinger, Christoph Amtmann, Alexander Betzler, Bingjun Cheng, Michaela Ellmeier, Christian Hagen, Irmgard Jernej, Roland Lammegger, Bin Zhou, and Werner Magnes
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 9, 275–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-275-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-275-2020, 2020
Daniel Schmid, Ferdinand Plaschke, Yasuhito Narita, Daniel Heyner, Johannes Z. D. Mieth, Brian J. Anderson, Martin Volwerk, Ayako Matsuoka, and Wolfgang Baumjohann
Ann. Geophys., 38, 823–832, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-823-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-823-2020, 2020
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Recently, the two-spacecraft mission BepiColombo was launched to explore Mercury. To measure the magnetic field precisely, in-flight calibration of the magnetometer offset is needed. Usually, the offset is evaluated from magnetic field observations in the solar wind. Since one of the spacecraft will remain within Mercury's magnetic environment, we examine an alternative calibration method. We show that this method is applicable and may be a valuable tool to determine the offset accurately.
Martin Volwerk, David Mautner, Cyril Simon Wedlund, Charlotte Goetz, Ferdinand Plaschke, Tomas Karlsson, Daniel Schmid, and Diana Rojas-Castillo
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2020-38, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2020-38, 2020
Preprint under review for ANGEO
Short summary
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The magnetic field in the solar wind is not constant, but varies in direction and strength. One of these variations shows a strong local reduction of the magnetic field strength and is called magnetic hole. These holes are usually an indication that there is, or has been, a temperature difference in the plasma of the solar wind, with the temperature along the magnetic field lower than perpendicular. The MMS spacecraft data have been used to study the characteristics of these holes near Earth.
Mohammed Y. Boudjada, Patrick H. M. Galopeau, Sami Sawas, Valery Denisenko, Konrad Schwingenschuh, Helmut Lammer, Hans U. Eichelberger, Werner Magnes, and Bruno Besser
Ann. Geophys., 38, 765–774, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-765-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-765-2020, 2020
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In this paper, we report on observations of frequency-banded wave emissions by ICE (Instrument Champ Électrique) on board DEMETER (Detection of Electro-Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions). We distinguish two components: positive and negative frequency drift rates and multiple spaced frequency bands near the magnetic equatorial plane. We show and discuss the non-free-space DEMETER frequency-banded emissions and the free-space terrestrial kilometric radiation.
Ovidiu Dragoş Constantinescu, Hans-Ulrich Auster, Magda Delva, Olaf Hillenmaier, Werner Magnes, and Ferdinand Plaschke
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2020-10, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2020-10, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for GI
Short summary
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We propose a gradiometer based technique to clean multi-sensor magnetic field data acquired onboard spacecraft. The technique takes advantage on the fact that the maximum variance direction of many AC disturbances onboard spacecraft does not change in time. We apply the proposed technique to the SOSMAG instrument onboard GeoKompsat-2A. We analyse the performance and limitations of the technique and discuss in detail how various disturbances are removed.
Angeline G. Burrell, Gareth Chisham, Stephen E. Milan, Liam Kilcommons, Yun-Ju Chen, Evan G. Thomas, and Brian Anderson
Ann. Geophys., 38, 481–490, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-481-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-481-2020, 2020
Short summary
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The Earth's polar upper atmosphere changes along with the magnetic field, other parts of the atmosphere, and the Sun. When studying these changes, knowing the polar region that the data come from is vital, as different processes dominate the area where the aurora is and poleward of the aurora (the polar cap). The boundary between these areas is hard to find, so this study used a different boundary and figured out how they are related. Future studies can now find their polar region more easily.
Ferdinand Plaschke, Maria Jernej, Heli Hietala, and Laura Vuorinen
Ann. Geophys., 38, 287–296, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-287-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-287-2020, 2020
Short summary
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Jets of solar-wind plasma commonly hit the Earth's magnetosphere. Using data from the four Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft, we show statistically that within jets the magnetic field is more aligned with the plasma flow direction than outside of these jets. Our study confirms prior simulation results, but it also shows that the average effect is moderate. The jets' magnetic field is important with respect to their impact on space weather.
Chen Zeng, Suping Duan, Chi Wang, Lei Dai, Stephen Fuselier, James Burch, Roy Torbert, Barbara Giles, and Christopher Russell
Ann. Geophys., 38, 123–135, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-123-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-123-2020, 2020
Short summary
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Oxygen ions are an important element in the mass and energy transport in the magnetospheric dynamic process during intense substorms (AE > 500 nT). We did this work to better understand the O+ at the dusk flank magnetopause varying with solar wind conditions and AE index during intense substorms. The results show the O+ abundance at the duskside magnetopause has a corresponding relation to that in the duskside near-Earth plasma sheet.
Martin Volwerk, Charlotte Goetz, Ferdinand Plaschke, Tomas Karlsson, Daniel Heyner, and Brian Anderson
Ann. Geophys., 38, 51–60, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-51-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-51-2020, 2020
Short summary
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The magnetic field that is carried by the solar wind slowly decreases in strength as it moves further from the Sun. However, there are sometimes localized decreases in the magnetic field strength, called magnetic holes. These are small structures where the magnetic field strength decreases to less than 50 % of the surroundings and the plasma density increases. This paper presents a statistical study of the behaviour of these holes between Mercury and Venus using MESSENGER data.
Michael Gedalin, Xiaoyan Zhou, Christopher T. Russell, and Vassilis Angelopoulos
Ann. Geophys., 38, 17–26, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-17-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-17-2020, 2020
Short summary
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High-resolution measurements of the magnetic profiles of collisionless shocks in space show that large amplitude oscillations appear on the high-magnetic field side. The positions and relative amplitude of these oscillations are shown theoretically to vary in accordance with the potential jump at the shock crossing. The theoretically predicted variety is confirmed by observations.
Ferdinand Plaschke
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 8, 285–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-285-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-285-2019, 2019
Short summary
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Measuring the magnetic field onboard spacecraft requires regular in-flight calibration activities. Among those, determining the output of magnetometers under vanishing ambient magnetic fields, the so-called magnetometer offsets, is essential. Typically, characteristic rotations in solar wind magnetic fields are used to obtain these offsets. This paper addresses the question of how many solar wind data are needed to reach certain accuracy levels in offset determination.
Rudolf A. Treumann and Wolfgang Baumjohann
Ann. Geophys., 37, 971–988, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-971-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-971-2019, 2019
Short summary
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The mirror mode starts as a zero-frequency ion fluid instability and saturates quasi-linearly at very low magnetic level, while forming extended magnetic bubbles. These trap the adiabatically bouncing electron component which forms pairs near the mirror points. The large pair anisotropy causes further growth beyond quasilinear level. Including pressure equilibrium gives and estimate of the required pair density.
Yasuhito Narita, Wolfgang Baumjohann, and Rudolf A. Treumann
Ann. Geophys., 37, 825–834, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-825-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-825-2019, 2019
Short summary
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Scaling laws and energy spectra for the electric field, magnetic field, flow velocity, and density are theoretically derived for small-scale turbulence in space plasma on which the electrons behave as a fluid but the ions more as individual particles due to the difference in the mass (the Hall effect). Our theoretical model offers an explanation for the small-scale turbulence spectra measured in near-Earth space.
Laura Vuorinen, Heli Hietala, and Ferdinand Plaschke
Ann. Geophys., 37, 689–697, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-689-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-689-2019, 2019
Short summary
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Before the solar wind encounters the Earth's magnetic field, it is first slowed down and deflected by the Earth's bow shock. We find that downstream of the bow shock regions where the shock normal and the solar wind magnetic field are almost parallel and the shock is more rippled, plasma jets with high earthward velocities are observed significantly more often than elsewhere downstream of the shock. Our results help us forecast the occurrence of these jets and their effects on Earth.
Rudolf A. Treumann, Wolfgang Baumjohann, and Yasuhito Narita
Ann. Geophys., 37, 183–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-183-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-183-2019, 2019
Short summary
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Occasional deviations in density and magnetic power spectral densities in an intermediate frequency range are interpreted as an ion-inertial-range response to either the Kolmogorov or Iroshnikov–Kraichnan inertial-range turbulent velocity spectrum.
Ferdinand Plaschke, Hans-Ulrich Auster, David Fischer, Karl-Heinz Fornaçon, Werner Magnes, Ingo Richter, Dragos Constantinescu, and Yasuhito Narita
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 8, 63–76, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-63-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-63-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Raw output of spacecraft magnetometers has to be converted into meaningful units and coordinate systems before it is usable for scientific applications. This conversion is defined by 12 calibration parameters, 8 of which are more easily determined in flight if the spacecraft is spinning. We present theory and advanced algorithms to determine these eight parameters. They take into account the physical magnetometer and spacecraft behavior, making them superior to previously published algorithms.
Rudolf A. Treumann and Wolfgang Baumjohann
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1563–1576, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1563-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1563-2018, 2018
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Historical AMPTE-IRM and Equator-S (Eq-S) observations of magnetic mirror modes in the magnetosheath already support the probably coexistence of ion and electron branches on the mirror mode.
Ching-Chang Cheng, Christopher T. Russell, Ian R. Mann, Eric Donovan, and Wolfgang Baumjohann
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2018-116, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2018-116, 2018
Preprint withdrawn
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The comparison of geomagnetic active and quite events of double substorm onsets responsive to IMF variations shows that the occurrence sequence of all required substorm signatures looks the same and not different for small and large Kp. Double substorm onsets responsive to IMF variations can be characterized with two-stage magnetic dipolarizations in the magnetotail, two auroral breakups of which the first occurring at lower latitudes than the second, and two consecutive Pi2-Ps6 band pulsations.
Shiyong Huang, Pufan Zhao, Jiansen He, Zhigang Yuan, Meng Zhou, Huishan Fu, Xiaohua Deng, Ye Pang, Dedong Wang, Xiongdong Yu, Haimeng Li, Roy Torbert, and James Burch
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1275–1283, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1275-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1275-2018, 2018
Minna Palmroth, Heli Hietala, Ferdinand Plaschke, Martin Archer, Tomas Karlsson, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, David Sibeck, Primož Kajdič, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Markus Battarbee, and Lucile Turc
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1171–1182, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1171-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1171-2018, 2018
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Magnetosheath jets are high-velocity plasma structures that are commonly observed within the Earth's magnetosheath. Previously, they have mainly been investigated with spacecraft observations, which do not allow us to infer their spatial sizes, temporal evolution, or origin. This paper shows for the first time their dimensions, evolution, and origins within a simulation whose dimensions are directly comparable to the Earth's magnetosphere. The results are compared to previous observations.
Rudolf A. Treumann and Wolfgang Baumjohann
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1015–1026, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1015-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1015-2018, 2018
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The physics of the magnetic mirror mode in its final state of saturation, the thermodynamic equilibrium, is re-examined to demonstrate that the mirror mode is the classical analogue of a superconducting effect in an anisotropic-pressure space plasma. Three different spatial correlation scales are identified which control the behaviour of its evolution into large-amplitude chains of mirror bubbles.
Binbin Tang, Wenya Li, Chi Wang, Lei Dai, Yuri Khotyaintsev, Per-Arne Lindqvist, Robert Ergun, Olivier Le Contel, Craig Pollock, Christopher Russell, and James Burch
Ann. Geophys., 36, 879–889, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-879-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-879-2018, 2018
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The Kelvin–Helmholtz waves are believed to be an effective way to transport solar wind mass and energy into Earth's magnetosphere. In this study, we show that the ion-scale flux rope generated at the trailing edge of Kelvin–Helmholtz waves by multiple X-line reconnection could be directly related to this transfer process. The lower hybrid drift waves detected at the edges of the flux rope can also contribute to this process and then affect the revolution of the flux rope.
Ferdinand Plaschke and Heli Hietala
Ann. Geophys., 36, 695–703, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-695-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-695-2018, 2018
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Fast jets of solar wind particles drive through a slower environment in the magnetosheath, located sunward of the region dominated by the Earth’s magnetic field. THEMIS multi-spacecraft observations show that jets push ambient particles out of their way. These particles flow around the faster jets into the jets’ wake. Thereby, jets stir the magnetosheath, changing the properties of this key region whose particles and magnetic fields can directly interact with the Earth’s magnetic field.
Tomas Karlsson, Ferdinand Plaschke, Heli Hietala, Martin Archer, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, Primož Kajdič, Per-Arne Lindqvist, Göran Marklund, and Daniel J. Gershman
Ann. Geophys., 36, 655–677, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-655-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-655-2018, 2018
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We have studied fast plasma jets outside of Earth’s magnetic environment. Such jets are small-scale structures with a limited lifetime, which may be important in determining the properties of the near-Earth space environment, due to their concentrated kinetic energy. We have used data from the NASA Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) satellites to study their properties in detail, to understand how these jets are formed. We have found evidence that there are at least two different types of jets.
Natalia Buzulukova, Jerry Goldstein, Mei-Ching Fok, Alex Glocer, Phil Valek, David McComas, Haje Korth, and Brian Anderson
Ann. Geophys., 36, 107–124, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-107-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-107-2018, 2018
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The paper presents a case study of Earth's magnetosphere dynamics during the geomagnetic storm of 14–16 November 2012. We use a recently developed global model of the magnetosphere that combines a 3-D magnetohydrodynamics model with a kinetic bounce-averaged model for a representation of the energetic ring current population (1–200 keV). We use the model together with multipoint measurements to understand the observations and provide insight into magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling aspects.
Rudolf A. Treumann and Wolfgang Baumjohann
Ann. Geophys., 35, 1353–1360, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1353-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1353-2017, 2017
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Poynting's theorem provides a way to determine the spectrum of the dissipation function in magnetic turbulence. It is shown that it includes all contributions of the mechanical part of turbulence. Application to solar wind data identifies the inertial range as a state of self-organization and brings the Taylor hypothesis into question.
Sudong Xiao, Tielong Zhang, Guoqiang Wang, Martin Volwerk, Yasong Ge, Daniel Schmid, Rumi Nakamura, Wolfgang Baumjohann, and Ferdinand Plaschke
Ann. Geophys., 35, 1015–1022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1015-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1015-2017, 2017
Rudolf A. Treumann and Wolfgang Baumjohann
Ann. Geophys., 35, 999–1013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-999-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-999-2017, 2017
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It is suggested that collisionless reconnection under conditions of very strong current-parallel guide fields in dilute plasmas should become a rather efficient source of electromagnetic radiation in the free space modes X and O and their harmonics. The mechanism is based on the electron cyclotron maser instability (ECMI), which can be excited by the anisotropic weakly relativistic electron distribution in the many inertial lengths long electron exhausts caused in reconnection.
Rudolf A. Treumann and Wolfgang Baumjohann
Ann. Geophys., 35, 683–690, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-683-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-683-2017, 2017
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We extend the Klimontovich (1967) formulation of kinetic theory of the evolution of the microscopic phase space density to taking into account that the interaction between particles separated from each other at a distance is not instantaneous but requires the transport of information. This is done by reference to the retarded potentials. We derive the fundamental causal Liouville equation for the phase space density of a system composed of a very large number of charged particles.
Dennis Frühauff, Ferdinand Plaschke, and Karl-Heinz Glassmeier
Ann. Geophys., 35, 117–121, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-117-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-117-2017, 2017
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Vector magnetic field instruments mounted on spacecraft require precise in-flight calibration of the offsets of all three axes, i.e., the output in vanishing ambient field. While calibration of the spin plane offsets is trivial, we apply a new technique for determining the spin axis offset, not relying on solar wind data but on magnetosheath encounters. This technique is successfully applied to the satellites of the THEMIS mission to update the calibration parameters of the complete mission.
Martin Volwerk, Daniel Schmid, Bruce T. Tsurutani, Magda Delva, Ferdinand Plaschke, Yasuhito Narita, Tielong Zhang, and Karl-Heinz Glassmeier
Ann. Geophys., 34, 1099–1108, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-1099-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-1099-2016, 2016
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The behaviour of mirror mode waves in Venus's magnetosheath is investigated for solar minimum and maximum conditions. It is shown that the total observational rate of these waves does not change much; however, the distribution over the magnetosheath is significantly different, as well as the growth and decay of the waves during these different solar activity conditions.
Ferdinand Plaschke and Yasuhito Narita
Ann. Geophys., 34, 759–766, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-759-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-759-2016, 2016
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Spacecraft-mounted magnetic field instruments (magnetometers) need to be routinely calibrated. This involves determining the magnetometer outputs in vanishing ambient magnetic fields, the so-called offsets. We introduce and test a new method to determine these offsets with high accuracy, the mirror mode method, which is complementary to existing methods. The mirror mode method should be highly beneficial to current and future magnetic field observations near Earth, other planets, and comets.
Egor V. Yushkov, Anton V. Artemyev, Anatoly A. Petrukovich, and Rumi Nakamura
Ann. Geophys., 34, 739–750, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-739-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-739-2016, 2016
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In the paper we study flapping wave structures, generated in the neutral plane of the Earth magnetotail. Investigated flapping is an important process of magnetosphere dynamics, connected with magnetic energy transformation and magnetic storm formation. Large separation of Cluster spacecraft allows us to estimate both local and global properties of flapping current sheets, the typical flapping times and propagation directions.
Rudolf A. Treumann and Wolfgang Baumjohann
Ann. Geophys., 34, 737–738, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-737-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-737-2016, 2016
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The rigorous derivation of the Jüttner (covariant Boltzmann) distribution is provided for anisotropic pressure (or temperature) tensors. It was in similar form anticipated first by Gladd (1983). Its manifestly covariant version follows straightforwardly from its scalar property.
Rudolf A. Treumann, Wolfgang Baumjohann, and Yasuhito Narita
Ann. Geophys., 34, 673–689, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-673-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-673-2016, 2016
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In support of low-frequency electromagnetic turbulence we formulate the inverse scattering theory of electromagnetic fluctuations in plasma. Its solution provides the turbulent response function which contains all information of the dynamical causes of the electromagnetic fluctuations. This is of basic interest in any electromagnetic turbulence. It requires measurement of magnetic and electric fluctuations but makes no direct use of the turbulent power spectral density.
Rudolf A. Treumann and Wolfgang Baumjohann
Ann. Geophys., 34, 557–564, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-557-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-557-2016, 2016
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It is demonstrated that the statistical mechanical partition function can be used to construct various different forms of phase space distributions. This indicates that its structure is not restricted to the Gibbs–Boltzmann factor prescription based on counting statistics. Consequences concerning generalised Lorentzians and more general distribution functions are discussed.
Takuma Nakamura, Rumi Nakamura, and Hiroshi Haseagwa
Ann. Geophys., 34, 357–367, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-357-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-357-2016, 2016
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Magnetic reconnection is a key process in space and laboratory plasmas which transfers energies through the magnetic field topology change. The topology change in this process takes place in a small scale region called the electron diffusion region (EDR). In this paper, using high-resolution fully kinetic simulations, we successfully obtained the firm scaling laws of spatial dimensions of the EDR. The obtained scalings allow us to precisely predict observable dimensions of the EDR in real space.
Sudong Xiao, Tielong Zhang, Yasong Ge, Guoqiang Wang, Wolfgang Baumjohann, and Rumi Nakamura
Ann. Geophys., 34, 303–311, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-303-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-303-2016, 2016
Y. Narita, R. Nakamura, W. Baumjohann, K.-H. Glassmeier, U. Motschmann, and H. Comişel
Ann. Geophys., 34, 85–89, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-85-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-85-2016, 2016
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Four-spacecraft Cluster observations of turbulent fluctuations in the magnetic reconnection region in the geomagnetic tail show for the first time an indication of ion Bernstein waves, electromagnetic waves that propagate nearly perpendicular to the mean magnetic field and are in resonance with ions. Bernstein waves may influence current sheet dynamics in the reconnection outflow such as a bifurcation of the current sheet.
H. Breuillard, O. Agapitov, A. Artemyev, V. Krasnoselskikh, O. Le Contel, C. M. Cully, V. Angelopoulos, Y. Zaliznyak, and G. Rolland
Ann. Geophys., 32, 1477–1485, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1477-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1477-2014, 2014
R. A. Treumann and W. Baumjohann
Ann. Geophys., 32, 975–989, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-975-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-975-2014, 2014
D. Schmid, M. Volwerk, F. Plaschke, Z. Vörös, T. L. Zhang, W. Baumjohann, and Y. Narita
Ann. Geophys., 32, 651–657, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-651-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-651-2014, 2014
R. A. Treumann and W. Baumjohann
Ann. Geophys., 32, 643–650, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-643-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-643-2014, 2014
R. Wang, R. Nakamura, T. Zhang, A. Du, W. Baumjohann, Q. Lu, and A. N. Fazakerley
Ann. Geophys., 32, 239–248, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-239-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-239-2014, 2014
I. Y. Vasko, A. V. Artemyev, A. A. Petrukovich, R. Nakamura, and L. M. Zelenyi
Ann. Geophys., 32, 133–146, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-133-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-133-2014, 2014
R. A. Treumann and W. Baumjohann
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 21, 143–148, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-143-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-143-2014, 2014
R. Nakamura, F. Plaschke, R. Teubenbacher, L. Giner, W. Baumjohann, W. Magnes, M. Steller, R. B. Torbert, H. Vaith, M. Chutter, K.-H. Fornaçon, K.-H. Glassmeier, and C. Carr
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 3, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-1-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-1-2014, 2014
P. Kajdič, X. Blanco-Cano, N. Omidi, K. Meziane, C. T. Russell, J.-A. Sauvaud, I. Dandouras, and B. Lavraud
Ann. Geophys., 31, 2163–2178, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-2163-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-2163-2013, 2013
F. Plaschke, H. Hietala, and V. Angelopoulos
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1877–1889, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1877-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1877-2013, 2013
Y. Narita, R. Nakamura, and W. Baumjohann
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1605–1610, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1605-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1605-2013, 2013
R. A. Treumann and W. Baumjohann
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1191–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1191-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1191-2013, 2013
A. V. Artemyev, A. A. Petrukovich, R. Nakamura, and L. M. Zelenyi
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1109–1114, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1109-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1109-2013, 2013
M. Volwerk, N. André, C. S. Arridge, C. M. Jackman, X. Jia, S. E. Milan, A. Radioti, M. F. Vogt, A. P. Walsh, R. Nakamura, A. Masters, and C. Forsyth
Ann. Geophys., 31, 817–833, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-817-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-817-2013, 2013
C. Nabert, K.-H. Glassmeier, and F. Plaschke
Ann. Geophys., 31, 419–437, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-419-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-419-2013, 2013
A. Alexandrova, R. Nakamura, V. S. Semenov, I. V. Kubyshkin, S. Apatenkov, E. V. Panov, D. Korovinskiy, H. Biernat, W. Baumjohann, K.-H. Glassmeier, and J. P. McFadden
Ann. Geophys., 30, 1727–1741, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-1727-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-1727-2012, 2012
Related subject area
Magnetometers
In-orbit results of the Coupled Dark State Magnetometer aboard the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite
Principal Component Gradiometer technique for removal of spacecraft-generated disturbances from magnetic field data
How many solar wind data are sufficient for accurate fluxgate magnetometer offset determinations?
Low-noise permalloy ring cores for fluxgate magnetometers
The combined processing of geomagnetic intensity vector projections and absolute magnitude measurements
A low-cost device for measuring local magnetic anomalies in volcanic terrain
In situ calibration of offsetting magnetometer feedback transients on the Cassiope spacecraft
A network of magnetometers for multi-scale urban science and informatics
Advanced calibration of magnetometers on spin-stabilized spacecraft based on parameter decoupling
A hybrid fluxgate and search coil magnetometer concept using a racetrack core
Investigation of a low-cost magneto-inductive magnetometer for space science applications
Numerical evaluation of magnetic absolute measurements with arbitrarily distributed DI-fluxgate theodolite orientations
Merging fluxgate and induction coil data to produce low-noise geomagnetic observatory data meeting the INTERMAGNET definitive 1 s data standard
Saint Petersburg magnetic observatory: from Voeikovo subdivision to INTERMAGNET certification
The effect of winding and core support material on the thermal gain dependence of a fluxgate magnetometer sensor
Magnetogama: an open schematic magnetometer
Possibilities of further improvement of 1 s fluxgate variometers
Measurement experiences with FluxSet digital D/I station
An automatic DI-flux at the Livingston Island geomagnetic observatory, Antarctica: requirements and lessons learned
Semiautomatic sun shots with the WIDIF DIflux
Distance scaling method for accurate prediction of slowly varying magnetic fields in satellite missions
Mars MOURA magnetometer demonstration for high-resolution mapping on terrestrial analogues
Calibration of QM-MOURA three-axis magnetometer and gradiometer
The origin of noise and magnetic hysteresis in crystalline permalloy ring-core fluxgate sensors
Protection against lightning at a geomagnetic observatory
An initial investigation of the long-term trends in the fluxgate magnetometer (FGM) calibration parameters on the four Cluster spacecraft
Interinstrument calibration using magnetic field data from the flux-gate magnetometer (FGM) and electron drift instrument (EDI) onboard Cluster
Harmonic quiet-day curves as magnetometer baselines for ionospheric current analyses
A radiation hardened digital fluxgate magnetometer for space applications
Contribution to solving the orientation problem for an automatic magnetic observatory
Automatic parameterization for magnetometer zero offset determination
Andreas Pollinger, Christoph Amtmann, Alexander Betzler, Bingjun Cheng, Michaela Ellmeier, Christian Hagen, Irmgard Jernej, Roland Lammegger, Bin Zhou, and Werner Magnes
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 9, 275–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-275-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-275-2020, 2020
Ovidiu Dragoş Constantinescu, Hans-Ulrich Auster, Magda Delva, Olaf Hillenmaier, Werner Magnes, and Ferdinand Plaschke
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2020-10, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2020-10, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for GI
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We propose a gradiometer based technique to clean multi-sensor magnetic field data acquired onboard spacecraft. The technique takes advantage on the fact that the maximum variance direction of many AC disturbances onboard spacecraft does not change in time. We apply the proposed technique to the SOSMAG instrument onboard GeoKompsat-2A. We analyse the performance and limitations of the technique and discuss in detail how various disturbances are removed.
Ferdinand Plaschke
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 8, 285–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-285-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-285-2019, 2019
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Measuring the magnetic field onboard spacecraft requires regular in-flight calibration activities. Among those, determining the output of magnetometers under vanishing ambient magnetic fields, the so-called magnetometer offsets, is essential. Typically, characteristic rotations in solar wind magnetic fields are used to obtain these offsets. This paper addresses the question of how many solar wind data are needed to reach certain accuracy levels in offset determination.
David M. Miles, Miroslaw Ciurzynski, David Barona, B. Barry Narod, John R. Bennest, Andy Kale, Marc Lessard, David K. Milling, Joshua Larson, and Ian R. Mann
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 8, 227–240, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-227-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-227-2019, 2019
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Fluxgate magnetometers provide magnetic field measurements for geophysics and space physics. A low-noise ferromagnetic ring core typically determines the noise performance of the instrument. Much of the basic research into producing low-noise fluxgate sensors was completed in the 1960s for military purposes and was never publicly released. We present a manufacturing approach that can consistently produce fluxgate ring cores with a noise performance comparable to the legacy ring cores used today.
Victor G. Getmanov, Alexei D. Gvishiani, and Roman V. Sidorov
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 8, 209–215, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-209-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-209-2019, 2019
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The material in this research paper is intended for specialists engaged in digital processing of geomagnetic field measurements. A technique is discussed that can help to reduce the errors in measurements and can be applied in various tasks of digital processing of geomagnetic data from vector magnetometers and other three-component data. The results of the tests on model and real geomagnetic data are provided for the algorithm along with the conclusions about its possibilities.
Bertwin M. de Groot and Lennart V. de Groot
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 8, 217–225, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-217-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-217-2019, 2019
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Our knowledge of the Earth's magnetic field arises from magnetic signals stored in lavas. In rugged volcanic terrain, however, the magnetization of the underlying flows may influence the magnetic field as recorded by newly formed flows on top. To measure these local magnetic anomalies, we developed a low-cost field magnetometer with superior accuracy and user-friendliness. The first measurements on Mt. Etna show local magnetic variations that are much larger than expected.
David M. Miles, Andrew D. Howarth, and Greg A. Enno
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 8, 187–195, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-187-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-187-2019, 2019
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Measurements from the magnetic field instrument on the Cassiope spacecraft were found to be degraded by an artifact of how the instrument tracks the changing magnetic field as the spacecraft orbits the Earth. We present a process to characterize this effect on orbit and compensate for it in the post–processing of the data. This work allows the instrument to accurately track rapidly changing local fields without loss of measurement fidelity and improves the high–frequency noise of the data.
Trevor A. Bowen, Elena Zhivun, Arne Wickenbrock, Vincent Dumont, Stuart D. Bale, Christopher Pankow, Gregory Dobler, Jonathan S. Wurtele, and Dmitry Budker
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 8, 129–138, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-129-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-129-2019, 2019
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We highlight the development of a low-cost portable sensor array to study magnetic fields in urban areas. Recent advancements in urban science have demonstrated significant utility in characterizing a city based on physical measurements. Magnetic fields of cities are characterized by significant noise; in the case of the San Francisco Bay Area, this noise is dominated by the BART train system. We demonstrate an ability to identify and extract BART noise from the urban magnetic environment.
Ferdinand Plaschke, Hans-Ulrich Auster, David Fischer, Karl-Heinz Fornaçon, Werner Magnes, Ingo Richter, Dragos Constantinescu, and Yasuhito Narita
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 8, 63–76, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-63-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-63-2019, 2019
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Raw output of spacecraft magnetometers has to be converted into meaningful units and coordinate systems before it is usable for scientific applications. This conversion is defined by 12 calibration parameters, 8 of which are more easily determined in flight if the spacecraft is spinning. We present theory and advanced algorithms to determine these eight parameters. They take into account the physical magnetometer and spacecraft behavior, making them superior to previously published algorithms.
David M. Miles, B. Barry Narod, David K. Milling, Ian R. Mann, David Barona, and George B. Hospodarsky
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 7, 265–276, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-7-265-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-7-265-2018, 2018
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We present a proof-of-concept space-flight instrument that can simultaneously make measurements of both the low- and high-frequency local magnetic field. Previously, this would have required two separate instruments that would normally have had to be mounted separately on long deployable booms to keep them from interfering. This new hybrid instrument is expected to be particularly useful on extremely small spacecraft, such as CubeSats, which can only accommodate a few instruments.
Leonardo H. Regoli, Mark B. Moldwin, Matthew Pellioni, Bret Bronner, Kelsey Hite, Arie Sheinker, and Brandon M. Ponder
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 7, 129–142, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-7-129-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-7-129-2018, 2018
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The presence of magnetic fields in space dominate the way planets interact with different types of plasmas. Thus, measuring them is extremely important when studying space. We present an instrument capable of measuring magnetic fields at a fraction of the cost, power and size of traditional magnetometers. With this technology, a science-grade magnetometer for small satellites can be achieved, enabling the study of the space environment with large clusters of sensors in future missions.
Heinz-Peter Brunke and Jürgen Matzka
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 7, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-7-1-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-7-1-2018, 2018
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The long-term drift of magnetometers at geomagnetic observatories is calibrated by a non-magnetic theodolite. We propose a numerical method to evaluate such absolute measurements in a new, more general manner. It is more flexible and helps to identify and correct or discard erroneous measurements. We derive this method and give examples showing how it improves the quality and reliability of the calibrations parameters (the so-called baseline values) of an observatory magnetometer.
Heinz-Peter Brunke, Rudolf Widmer-Schnidrig, and Monika Korte
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 6, 487–493, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-487-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-487-2017, 2017
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In magnetic observatory data, according to the INTERMAGNET definitive 1 s data standard, the fluxgate magnetometer self noise usually covers the natural signal for frequencies higher than about 30 mHz. We present a numerical method how to merge the data with induction coil data in order to drastically reduce noise and to fill the entire possible bandwidth with information on the earth magnetic field. In spectrograms we visualize interesting phenomena revealed with the method.
Roman Sidorov, Anatoly Soloviev, Roman Krasnoperov, Dmitry Kudin, Andrei Grudnev, Yury Kopytenko, Andrei Kotikov, and Pavel Sergushin
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 6, 473–485, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-473-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-473-2017, 2017
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Saint Petersburg Observatory was founded as a geomagnetic branch of the Voyeikovo magnetic and meteorological observatory in the late 1960s. In 2012 the station was upgraded to INTERMAGNET standard and in 2016 it was officially certified as SPG INTERMAGNET magnetic observatory. The SPG data can be downloaded via http://intermagnet.org or
http://geomag.gcras.ru . This paper describes the way the SPG observatory made to become an international geomagnetic network member.
David M. Miles, Ian R. Mann, Andy Kale, David K. Milling, Barry B. Narod, John R. Bennest, David Barona, and Martyn J. Unsworth
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 6, 377–396, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-377-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-377-2017, 2017
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Fluxgate magnetometers are an important geophysical tool but are typically sensitive to changes in sensor temperature. We used a novel, low-cost calibration procedure to compare six matched sensors in which the material used as the mechanical support is varied and found that 30 % glass-filled PEEK engineering plastic is a good candidate for sensors. It is more economical, easier to machine, lighter, and more robust than historically used machinable ceramic.
Wahyudi, Nurul Khakhim, Tri Kuntoro, Djati Mardiatno, Afif Rakhman, Anas Setyo Handaru, Adien Akhmad Mufaqih, and Theodosius Marwan Irnaka
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 6, 319–327, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-319-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-319-2017, 2017
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In geophysics exploration, measuring earth's magnetic field using magnetometers is a necessity to resolve earth's subsurface structure. In this paper we offer an open-schematic fluxgate magnetometer (Magnetogama) that will help people build their own magnetometer. We focus on how to assemble and record earth's magnetic response. Several sensitivity tests were performed to make sure that Magnetogama has the capability to be used in exploration.
Andriy Marusenkov
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 6, 301–309, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-301-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-301-2017, 2017
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The paper discusses the possibility of improving the quality of geomagnetic variation monitoring at ground observatories. The new fluxgate sensor and electronics with upgraded temperature and noise characteristics are described. It is supposed that the application of the results and recommendations discussed in the paper will allow a fluxgate magnetometer to be created with an outstanding level of parameters.
László Hegymegi, János Szöllősy, Csaba Hegymegi, and Ádám Domján
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 6, 279–284, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-279-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-279-2017, 2017
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The authors developed and built a digital non-magnetic declination–inclination magnetometer which gives all measurement data in digital form. Use of this instrument significantly decreases the possibility of observation errors and minimises handwork. We showed that this device is suitable for absolute magnetic control measurements, and it is more convenient, user friendly and effective than the traditional ones.
Santiago Marsal, Juan José Curto, Joan Miquel Torta, Alexandre Gonsette, Vicent Favà, Jean Rasson, Miquel Ibañez, and Òscar Cid
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 6, 269–277, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-269-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-269-2017, 2017
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Commercial solutions for an automated DI-flux are practically reduced to the AutoDIF and the GyroDIF. We analyze the pros and cons of both in terms of suitability at the Livingston Island geomagnetic observatory, Antarctica. We conclude that the GyroDIF is more suitable for harsh conditions due to its simpler infrastructure. We also show the instrument housing design and its control electronics. Our experiences can benefit the geomagnetic community, which often faces similar challenges.
Jean L. Rasson, Olivier Hendrickx, and Jean-Luc Marin
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 6, 257–261, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-257-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-257-2017, 2017
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In geomagnetism, geodesy and in general disciplines requiring orientation on Earth, accurately finding the direction of true north is a challenge. This paper describes a method to do so using a traditional theodolite and the proposed apparatus: an electro-optical add-on. The details of the concepts, design and operation of the add-on are explained.
Panagiotis P. Zacharias, Elpida G. Chatzineofytou, Sotirios T. Spantideas, and Christos N. Capsalis
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 5, 281–288, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-281-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-281-2016, 2016
Marina Díaz-Michelena, Rolf Kilian, Ruy Sanz, Francisco Rios, and Oscar Baeza
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 5, 127–142, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-127-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-127-2016, 2016
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The present manuscript is written as the result of an exhaustive field work with MOURA instrument on relevant sites on Earth. MOURA magnetometer was developed for Mars MetNet precursor mission to Mars. In this work we have demonstrated the capabilities of the instrument in terrestrial analogues of Mars, which cover a huge variability range in the magnetic anomalies intensities. Apart from its suitability for prospections, we insist on its advanced performance regarding paleomagnetic information.
M. Díaz-Michelena, R. Sanz, M. F. Cerdán, and A. B. Fernández
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 4, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-4-1-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-4-1-2015, 2015
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In situ magnetometry is key for planetary mineralogy. However, since magnetic instrumentation is considered secondary in Mars and Moon landers and rovers, magnetometers have often very restricted envelopes of mass, volume and power, and consequently limited functionality.
In this work, it is presented the capability of MOURA small magnetometer and gradiometer to open a wide and novel scientific research on Mars mineralogy and paleomagnetism through the very complex calibration process.
B. B. Narod
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 3, 201–210, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-201-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-201-2014, 2014
R. Čop, G. Milev, D. Deželjin, and J. Kosmač
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 3, 135–141, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-135-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-135-2014, 2014
L. N. S. Alconcel, P. Fox, P. Brown, T. M. Oddy, E. L. Lucek, and C. M. Carr
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 3, 95–109, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-95-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-95-2014, 2014
R. Nakamura, F. Plaschke, R. Teubenbacher, L. Giner, W. Baumjohann, W. Magnes, M. Steller, R. B. Torbert, H. Vaith, M. Chutter, K.-H. Fornaçon, K.-H. Glassmeier, and C. Carr
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 3, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-1-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-1-2014, 2014
M. van de Kamp
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 2, 289–304, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2-289-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2-289-2013, 2013
D. M. Miles, J. R. Bennest, I. R. Mann, and D. K. Millling
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 2, 213–224, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2-213-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2-213-2013, 2013
A. Khokhlov, J. L. Le Mouël, and M. Mandea
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 2, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2-1-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2-1-2013, 2013
M. A. Pudney, C. M. Carr, S. J. Schwartz, and S. I. Howarth
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 1, 103–109, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-1-103-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-1-103-2012, 2012
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This paper describes frequency and timing calibration, modeling and data processing and calibration for MMS magnetometers, resulting in a merged search choil and fluxgate data product.
This paper describes frequency and timing calibration, modeling and data processing and...
Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems
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