The magnetic equator is the region where the magnetic field is horizontal and therefore strong ionospheric electric currents occur, the so-called equatorial electrojet. The magnetic equator is predicted to be at Macapá state in 2024. Therefore, a new magnetometer station was installed in Macapá in order to track the effects of the equatorial electrojet. We present the setup and data analysis of Macapá station, and we develop a method for temperature correction of the vector magnetometer data.

This work presents simulations, modelling, and experimental verification of a novel steady-state surface nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) transmitter used for the non-invasive exploration of groundwater. The paper focuses on three main aspects of high-current transmitter instrumentation: thermal management, current-drooping, and pulse stability. This work will interest readers involved in geoscientific instrument prototyping for groundwater exploration using portable geoscientific instruments.

Nearly 200 sets of three-axis fluxgate magnetometers are used in Chinese geomagnetic observatories, but due to their directional errors, it is necessary to study error correction methods to improve measurement accuracy. Experimental results show that correcting the Z-axis and D-axis directional errors is essential. The observation data after error correction demonstrate the clear correction effect. The measurement device used in the experiment is low in cost and easy to disseminate.

This study presents an overview of a data system for documenting, processing, managing, and publishing data streams from research networks of atmospheric and environmental sensors of varying complexity in urban environments. Our solutions aim to deliver resilient, near-time data using freely available software.

Transportation networks, such as road or river systems and electricity grids, are often equipped with various sensors that produce vast amounts of data that reflect real-life situations on these networks. We present an all-in-one data management solution to deal with these data. Our solution addresses both the storage and querying of such data and is based on a theoretical database model and query logic. In addition, this is implemented and tested on real-life datasets.

Our research introduces technology for exploring subglacial lakes while keeping them isolated from surface contamination. The RECoverable Autonomous Sonde (RECAS) can drill ice both downward and upward, allowing clean water sampling. In some cases, the sonde should drill at specific angles to follow a trajectory, maintain verticality, or bypass obstacles. This paper describes the general principles of steering the RECAS by adjusting the drill's heat distribution and the experimental results.

This study uses the WRF–CALMET model to study the influence of topography near Zhongchuan Airport on low-level wind shear. The simulation accuracy of CALMET is higher than that of WRF. Terrain sensitivity experiments highlighted CALMET's ability to respond to terrain changes during periods of high wind speeds. This study verified the effectiveness of CALMET in simulating low-altitude wind shear, highlighting its excellent ability to capture terrain effects and mitigate aviation safety issues.

A new ground-based technique is described, called distance of flight of cosmic-ray muons, for sensing the height of the layer of the Earth where cosmic-ray muons are generated, called the muopause, which is closely related to the height of the tropopause and lower stratosphere.

This paper describes the development of a controlled-source ultra-audio frequency electromagnetic receiver based on remote wireless communication technology for use in geophysical prospecting. Our design successfully addresses several shortcomings of such instruments currently available on the market, including their weight, limitations in data acquisition frequency, and difficulty in connecting to the internet for remote monitoring.

We constructed an easy-to-use, open-source method for mapping minerals in rock thin sections. We implemented the method within the geographical information system QGIS and the Orfeo ToolBox plugin using random forest image classification on scanning electron microscope data. We applied the method to 14 rock thin sections. Mineral abundance estimates from our method compare favorably to previously published estimates, and 96 % spatially and categorically agree with manually derived mineral maps.

The Modular Aquatic Robotic Platform–Freiberg (MARP-FG) is an autonomous catamaran designed to improve water monitoring by reducing human-related biases. It supports customizable sensors for water profiling, 3D basin mapping, and greenhouse gas flux measurements. Tested in Amazonian and European waters, MARP-FG showed precise navigation and reliable data collection under challenging weather, enhancing long-term, automated aquatic ecosystem monitoring.

Clay minerals are helpful markers of low-temperature geological processes. The combination of their characterization with geochronology is a powerful tool to constrain physical and chemical processes, improving our understanding of the evolution of the Earth system. This paper aims to present the platform along with the associated methods developed at the GeoRessources laboratory (University of Lorraine) to separate and characterize clay minerals and date illites using the K–Ar method.

This paper describes new humidity measurements performed with the humidity instruments of the MSL, Mars 2020 and ExoMars missions. Special facilities are needed to create Martian conditions, and a measurement campaign was performed at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) to obtain datasets for REMS-H, MEDA HS and METEO-H instruments. The results from the campaign improved the humidity data we receive from MEDA HS/Perseverance and can further improve the existing Martian relative humidity data.

This publication presents data from geophysical measurements taken in the Rospuda wetlands in NE Poland using the electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) method. The study aimed to provide the material for illustration of the arrangement of geological layers creating the wetland. The data can help develop models of groundwater and surface water contact as well as improve understanding of the area's geomorphology with soil property diversity, offering insights into this unexplored region.

This research aims to tackle the issue of inconvenient clock synchronization in marine controlled-source electromagnetic (MCSEM) operations with coaxial cables. This clock synchronization method in the paper can be applied to scenarios where coaxial cables are used for MCSEM operations. We hope that in the future, MCSEM transmitters can be deployed on a wider variety of ships to reduce costs and broaden the scope of applications.

We developed a software system for a high-precision magnetometer platform, specifically designed for human-occupied vehicles (HOVs). The system integrates magnetometers to deliver accurate magnetic field detection, with advanced features such as automatic probe switching and magnetic compensation. The system's performance was validated through rigorous laboratory tests and marine experiments on the Shenhai Yongshi platform. 

This work explores the use of aerial photography surveys for mapping glaciers, specifically in challenging environments. Using examples from two glaciers in Arctic Canada, we discuss the main factors which can affect data collection and review methods for capturing and processing images to create accurate topographic maps. Key recommendations include choosing the right camera and positioning equipment and adapting survey design to maximise data quality, even under less-than-ideal conditions.

In spring 2021, a study compared sea surface temperature (SST) measurements from thermal infrared (IR) and passive microwave (PMW) radiometers on a ferry between Denmark and Iceland. The goal was to reduce atmospheric effects and directly compare IR and PMW measurements. A method was developed to convert PMW data to match IR data, with uncertainties analysed in the process. The findings provide insights to improve SST inter-comparisons and enhance the synergy between IR and PMW observations.

Under German law, crack damage stress must not be reached at any time during the operation or post-closure phase of a nuclear waste repository. This legal requirement can only be fulfilled if the parameter can be measured precisely. We have thus developed a new measurement technique, which overcomes the limitations of the conventional method. In combination, old and new methods offer an easy procedure to detect crack damage stress in fully saturated rocks in a fast and robust manner.

Our study investigated the influence of plant processes on oxygen dynamics, crucial for paleoclimatology. By examining maize respiration and photosynthesis using advanced techniques, we enhanced our understanding of past climates through ice core analysis.

The development and characterization of a ground-based system measuring column average concentrations of greenhouse gases is described, as well as the corresponding four years dataset recorded at Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK. The system, based on high-resolution Fourier Transform spectroscopy of atmospheric transmission, fulfills the requirements established by the Total Carbon Column Observatory Network (TCCON) to contribute to the international greenhouse gas observing infrastructure.

Humidity sensors that function under extreme conditions are needed in experimental chambers as well as for humidity measurements on Mars. Such a sensor was already used in a chamber at the German Aerospace Center and is well characterized; however this sensor is no longer in production and has been replaced by a new generation, requiring verification of the new sensor under extreme conditions. The results show that the new sensor is suitable for measurements under Martian atmospheric conditions.

In the field of marine controlled-source electromagnetic (MCSEM) systems, the evident issue of heating caused by the demand for high power was observed during previous marine experiments, where devices and cables were damaged due to overheating. Therefore, the idea was conceived to design a non-contact temperature measurement system tailored specifically to MCSEM systems, with the capacity to seamlessly adapt to the existing hardware conditions at sea.

The Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) Sentinel Vegetation Indices (QSVI) plugin is an efficient, user-friendly tool designed to calculate key environmental remote sensing indices. Developed using a Python library within the QGIS software, QSVI significantly reduces computation time, exceeding other popular GIS applications. This study demonstrates its effectiveness in processing large datasets, offering a cost-effective solution for environmental monitoring and analysis, which is particularly valuable in educational settings.

We developed a correction model based on laboratory data, taking into account elements such as fluid density and viscosity. Our model showed an ideal accuracy and outperformed other models. When applied in real situations, it significantly reduced the differences in calculated stresses for different fracturing fluids.