Witness reports of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) occasionally associate UAP sightings with strong magnetic effects. These reports have motivated the incorporation of a magnetometer into the Galileo Project, a Harvard-led scientific collaboration whose aim is to collect and analyze data that could help elucidate the nature of UAP. Here, we present how we tested our magnetometer by comparing data recorded at our observatory in Colorado, USA, with data of a certified magnetic observatory.

We present a method to optimize the number and placement of temperature sensors in the borehole for borehole thermometry. Based on heat transfer model simulations, a greedy algorithm chooses sensor locations that minimize sampling errors. Applications in Antarctic and Greenland boreholes show this method outperforms traditional linear and exponential spacing, reducing errors up to tenfold. This approach offers an efficient, cost-effective solution to improve subsurface temperature monitoring.

This paper presents first results from the new Entoto Magnetometer Station near Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The station, located near the magnetic equator, fills a critical gap in the global geomagnetic network. Early data show successful detection of geomagnetic disturbances consistent with global indices, enhancing Africa’s contribution to space weather research and fostering international collaboration.

The new Arctic magnetic observatory at Pituffik in Greenland is strategically located in a sparsely monitored high-latitude region. Analysis of over a year of data, including baseline stability, temperature control, and calibrated magnetic field measurements demonstrates high data quality and confirms the observatory’s readiness for contribution to the international geomagnetic community.

A multi-process drilling system (MPDS), comprising an air system and a drilling-fluid circulation system (DFCS) was developed in China for subglacial bedrock sampling. The air system and DFCS were highly integrated in 20 ft container for easy transportation and assembly. Both systems were tested in China and Antarctica. The experiences and lessons learned in designing and testing would be helpful to promote the development of subglacial bedrock drilling technology.

We've compared the amplitude spectral densities of a fluxgate magnetometer (FGM) and an anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) magnetometer during ground testing with the amplitude spectral densities obtained in different regions of near-Earth space. The FGM can measure the fields in the different space regions and their fluctuations within a frequency range of 1 mHz to 2.5 Hz. The AMR magnetometer is only suitable for more turbulent regions such as the magnetosheath due to its higher noise levels.

We have adopted Polaris sighting as our azimuth observation at our observatories for a long time. This method, however, has some difficulties such as weather-dependent observation conditions. Therefore, we examined the satellite method and found that its precision was comparable to the Polaris sighting. We also found that a significant difference of about 10 arcseconds between them. This is due likely to a deflection of vertical, which is well known in the field of geodetic surveying.

We explored a new method to improve Micromagnetic Tomography (MMT), a technique to study the magnetic signal stored in rocks. Precise co-registration of MMT datasets is crucial but challenging, so we tested the use of micro-sized marker structures. These markers help with sample orientation during measurements, speed up data processing, and improve precision. This offers benefits for MMT and other geoscience research requiring precise sample positioning and dataset co-registration.

We addressed limitations in mineral exploration tools: poor shallow-depth imaging, complex controls, and inefficient data transmission. Our solution combining advanced hardware and intelligent software, it ensures stable high-speed data flow, enables remote control/real-time viewing anywhere, and operates reliably in diverse field conditions. Successfully tested in a Chinese mining area, it provides geologists with a more powerful, user-friendly tool for underground mapping.

Based on a case study, we analyzed data from two pairs of conjugate stations to compare continuous Pc3 pulsations. Using Fourier and wavelet transform techniques, we identified similar pulsations at both locations; however, amplitudes were higher in the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA) region. This enhancement may be linked to the unique conditions of the region, where energetic particles interact with both the magnetosphere and the ionosphere.

Climate change in combination with a steadily growing world population and a simultaneous decrease in agricultural land is one of the greatest global challenges facing mankind. In this context, Forschungszentrum Jülich established an "agricultural simulator" (AgraSim), which enables research into the effects of climate change on agricultural ecosystems and the optimization of agricultural cultivation and management strategies with the aid of combined experimental and numerical simulation.

INTERMAGNET (International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network) is a global network of over 100 magnetic observatories, working with the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA). Its one-minute measurement data undergo a strict two-stage review by expert teams, ensuring high accuracy and consistency. Verified data are published online and as DOI. This gives researchers and practitioners fast access to reliable data for science and practical applications.

The increasing impact of climate change and human activities on greenhouse gas emissions highlights the need for effective monitoring, especially from the soil. Our design introduces a low-cost solution for measuring soil gas flux that is adaptable to various environments. Additionally, we propose a novel method for ensuring data quality before deploying these systems in the field.

This study establishes Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-based azimuth remeasurement scenarios for geomagnetic observatories. Five prioritized workflows address diverse field conditions. Validations at Hongshan, Quanzhou, and Yulin observatories confirm Scenario I (flat and clear line of sight) and Scenario II (alternative clear path available) feasibility. Preliminary error analysis informs a deployment priority sequence, providing scalable solutions for complex environments.

We designed and tested a system that can record and send data in near real time from extreme and remote locations, such as Mount Everest. Using solar power and satellite communication, the system worked reliably at high altitude, showing it can be applied in other remote regions. This approach will help scientists collect vital information on how the environment is changing in areas that are normally very difficult to study.

IMBOT, the INTERMAGNET ROBOT, has been developed to perform automated routines to convert and evaluate data submission to INTERMAGNET, a global network of geomagnetic observatories. IMBOT makes data review faster and more reliable, providing high-quality data for the geomagnetic community.

We developed a system for frequency control and monitoring of pulsed high-power lasers. It works in real-time, controls the laser cavity length, and performs a spectral analyzes of each individual laser pulse. The motivation for this work was to improve the retrieval of Doppler winds measured by lidar in the middle atmosphere by taking the frequency stability of the lidar transmitter into account.

We tested solar regulators to find their suitability for use in powering instruments in the polar regions. We found that some models waste a lot of power and may result in instruments failing during the wintertime. We developed a model to illustrate this effect, and use it to show that a good choice of solar regulator means a greater chance of successful winter data collection and allows the use of a smaller, lighter, cheaper battery.

Geoscientific projects often struggle to manage complex data effectively, resulting in valuable information being lost due to poor findability and accessibility. To address this, we present a comprehensive research data framework for storing and processing data throughout a project, from fieldwork to data analysis. This ensures that datasets are clearly defined, reproducible and adhere to the FAIR principles (findability, accessibility, interoperability and reusability).

Severe space weather events can create electric fields in the sub-surface which can disrupt, and damage grounded technological systems. In 2012 we began installing monitoring equipment at the UK geomagnetic observatories to measure these electric fields to help us better understand their effects. These have run for over ten years, gathering useful data. This paper covers the design of the system, the problems we encountered, how we overcame them and how we make the data available.

A novel approach that uses tipping point analysis for identifying instrumental changes in sensor data that may not have full description of legacy hardware. The technique helps interpret changes of pattern in the data (autocorrelations) and distinguish them from climatic and environmental effects. This is particularly important for historic datasets, where instrumental changes may be undocumented or lack metadata.

We present field measurements collected during the Finnish Antarctic Research Program (FINNARP) 2022 expedition at Aboa station in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Weekly observations were taken at the automatic weather station site and at selected overpass locations of two satellites. The dataset includes continuous meteorological records, snow pit profiles, ground- and drone-based radiation measurements, and snow surface roughness from laser scans.

This paper seeks to demonstrate how the implementation of a quality management system facilitated the organization and enhancement of the operations of the Teoloyucan Magnetic Observatory, the only one in Mexico. This document describes the operation, functionality, and deployment of the Earth's magnetic field data recorded at this observatory, as well as the procedure for acquiring ISO 9001:2015 certification.

This paper presents the design and development of the Snow Terrain and Mobility Evaluation Tool (STMET), a multipurpose system equipped with electronic sensors and an alarm mechanism. STMET collects key snow and soil parameters to assess trafficability and avalanche risk, enhancing safety and mobility in challenging terrains. It offers a new innovative alternative to traditional tools such as cone penetrometers, ramsondes and the SnowMicroPen.

A new magnetic observatory has been established on La Réunion Island in the Indian Ocean. This isolated observatory serves to monitor the evolution of the magnetic field in that region. It is also useful for large-scale modelling of the core field and other contributions to the geomagnetic field. The vector magnetic field components are measured every second, transmitted every 5 min to the Institut de physique du globe de Paris, and made immediately available to users (see www.bcmt.fr).

We develop a machine learning methods to detect and classify how much sea ice was present around our research vessel. We used a navigation radar common on many merchant vessels attached to a screen capture device. The captured images were classified using a convolutional neural network and the resulting classification were found to be in good agreement with direct observations and satellite-based products.

In this paper we perform laboratory tests and investigate the feasibility to use existing subsea intervention technology, such as manipulator arms to retrieve short solid ice samples during under-ice dives of robotic vehicles. This investigation shows, that with minor modifications existing ice coring technology can be combined with existing subsea technology to provide novel sampling opportunities for submarine ice.

The effect of lightning strikes on the data with increasing distance, intensity and ground conductivity shows that higher-intensity strikes has had an impact of the data and instruments. It is crucial to determine the location and configuration where the installation can avoid the effects of groundwater fluctuations as well as lightning strikes. The susceptibility model, along with conductivity information, is used to make a selection of a new sites for trial measurements.

This study evaluates the data quality and long-term robustness of reference fluxgate theodolites in Geomagnetic Network of China (GNC). Results show high stability in reference instruments and no drift. Operator dependent errors were identified as the primary contributor in observer data. The study highlights the critical role of comparisons. Future efforts should integrate sensors and automation technologies to minimize human errors, thereby providing a higher quality data for studies.

A Python-based tool for real-time visualization and quality control of 1 s and 1 min geomagnetic data has been developed for geomagnetic observatories in Choutuppal and Hyderabad, India. This tool generates plots, performs quality checks, and prepares data for analysis. It also integrates artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques to enhance the accuracy and accessibility of geomagnetic data.

Some volcanic eruptions are driven by huge gas pockets called Taylor bubbles. Volcanologists use experiments that replicate flow inside volcanic conduits to study these eruptions. We show for the first time that kymography can be used to effectively quantify key Taylor bubble flow features such as: gas volume fraction, gas and liquid slug velocities, bubble length and diameter, falling film thickness, bubble and coalescence event counts, and to indicate steady-state ascent.

We developed two open tools that simplify and modernize the processing of satellite positioning data used to monitor volcanoes and earthquakes. They automatically collect and convert data from different instruments into a common format, making near real-time analysis easier and more reliable. These tools enable observatories in remote areas to enhance their ability to track ground movements and gain a deeper understanding of natural hazards.

The study examines how new satellite images can be used to create detailed maps of Earth’s surface height. Analysis of Sentinel-1C data shows that very short time gaps between images produce the most accurate results in the study area, while longer gaps reduce quality, especially over forests and steep terrain. The findings give insights on the data quality achievable by 1-day repeat-pass interferometry by Sentinel-1.

We present a second-level calibration method for electron density measurements from multi-beam incoherent scatter radars. It is based on the well-known Flat field correction method used in imaging and photography. The method improves data quality and useability as it accounts for unaccounted and unpredictable variations in the radar system. This is valuable for studies where inter-beam calibration is important such as studies of polar cap patches, plasma irregularities and turbulence.

A reference corner cube inertial suspension device (RCCISD) was developed to measure the vibration acceleration of the reference corner cube of the laser interferometer absolute gravimeter. Experimental test results show that the noise power spectral density (PSD) of gravitational acceleration calculated by an interference fringe observed jointly by the RCCISD is about 40 dB lower than that of the reference corner cube directly placed on the ground. 

During coseismic slip, rapid fault sliding generates heat, triggering processes that weaken fault materials. Flash heating at stressed contacts is a key dynamic weakening mechanism, but data on flash temperatures in sheared gouge are limited. We built an experimental setup with a high-speed infrared camera to capture in-situ thermal images during rapid shearing to determine how peak flash temperature varies with conditions and compare with theoretical predictions.

This study investigated the upper part of a major landslide in the Ecuadorian Andes by combining underground electrical imaging with field geology and sediment observations. The results reveal clear contrasts beneath the slope that are consistent with zones of potential instability, although they cannot confirm a failure surface directly. The work shows that combining geophysical and geological evidence can improve landslide assessment while making uncertainty and data limitations explicit.

This study presents the research design and first results of the DryTrees project, which investigates drought stress in Central European beech and oak forests. By combining continuous in-situ measurements of tree water balance with drone-, satellite-, and meteorological data, the project assesses how site-specific soil properties influence tree vitality and drought susceptibility. The integrative approach supports the development of site-adapted, climate-resilient forest management strategies.

Instruments that measure extremely small ground motions are vital for monitoring earthquakes, volcanoes, and slow Earth deformation. This study presents a virtual modelling approach that predicts sensor performance before construction. By accounting for physical limits, electronic effects, and uncertainty, the method clarifies what truly limits sensitivity and how designs can be improved, supporting the development of more accurate and robust tools for Earth science.

Transient electromagnetics (TEM) is traditionally used for mapping, but new use-cases are emerging. For example, a stationary TEM instrument can gather time-lapse data. By observing dynamic changes of the subsurface resistivity model, it is possible to track changes in groundwater levels. However, the changes are minuscule and data sets with very high signal-to-noise ratios are therefore crucial. We demonstrate a method for suppressing noise from a specific type of radio noise.

Glacier surface melt is often studied by measuring the exposed length of vertical stakes that are partially embedded in the ice. We present new autonomous instrumentation that monitors this exposed length continuously by measuring wind-induced vibrations in the stake. Initial lab and field tests show that this measurement technique yields centimetre-level precision. Our instrumentation, which is low-cost, opens new possibilities for enabling automated measurements on large numbers of stakes.