This work presents simulations, modelling, and experimental verification of a novel steady-state surface nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) transmitter used for the non-invasive exploration of groundwater. The paper focuses on three main aspects of high-current transmitter instrumentation: thermal management, current-drooping, and pulse stability. This work will interest readers involved in geoscientific instrument prototyping for groundwater exploration using portable geoscientific instruments.

We constructed an easy-to-use, open-source method for mapping minerals in rock thin sections. We implemented the method within the geographical information system QGIS and the Orfeo ToolBox plugin using random forest image classification on scanning electron microscope data. We applied the method to 14 rock thin sections. Mineral abundance estimates from our method compare favorably to previously published estimates, and 96 % spatially and categorically agree with manually derived mineral maps.

This study presents an overview of a data system for documenting, processing, managing, and publishing data streams from research networks of atmospheric and environmental sensors of varying complexity in urban environments. Our solutions aim to deliver resilient, near-time data using freely available software.

Transportation networks, such as road or river systems and electricity grids, are often equipped with various sensors that produce vast amounts of data that reflect real-life situations on these networks. We present an all-in-one data management solution to deal with these data. Our solution addresses both the storage and querying of such data and is based on a theoretical database model and query logic. In addition, this is implemented and tested on real-life datasets.

Our research introduces technology for exploring subglacial lakes while keeping them isolated from surface contamination. The RECoverable Autonomous Sonde (RECAS) can drill ice both downward and upward, allowing clean water sampling. In some cases, the sonde should drill at specific angles to follow a trajectory, maintain verticality, or bypass obstacles. This paper describes the general principles of steering the RECAS by adjusting the drill's heat distribution and the experimental results.

The Modular Aquatic Robotic Platform–Freiberg (MARP-FG) is an autonomous catamaran designed to improve water monitoring by reducing human-related biases. It supports customizable sensors for water profiling, 3D basin mapping, and greenhouse gas flux measurements. Tested in Amazonian and European waters, MARP-FG showed precise navigation and reliable data collection under challenging weather, enhancing long-term, automated aquatic ecosystem monitoring.

A new ground-based technique is described, called distance of flight of cosmic-ray muons, for sensing the height of the layer of the Earth where cosmic-ray muons are generated, called the muopause, which is closely related to the height of the tropopause and lower stratosphere.

This publication presents data from geophysical measurements taken in the Rospuda wetlands in NE Poland using the electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) method. The study aimed to provide the material for illustration of the arrangement of geological layers creating the wetland. The data can help develop models of groundwater and surface water contact as well as improve understanding of the area's geomorphology with soil property diversity, offering insights into this unexplored region.

This work explores the use of aerial photography surveys for mapping glaciers, specifically in challenging environments. Using examples from two glaciers in Arctic Canada, we discuss the main factors which can affect data collection and review methods for capturing and processing images to create accurate topographic maps. Key recommendations include choosing the right camera and positioning equipment and adapting survey design to maximise data quality, even under less-than-ideal conditions.

We developed a software system for a high-precision magnetometer platform, specifically designed for human-occupied vehicles (HOVs). The system integrates magnetometers to deliver accurate magnetic field detection, with advanced features such as automatic probe switching and magnetic compensation. The system's performance was validated through rigorous laboratory tests and marine experiments on the Shenhai Yongshi platform. 

This research aims to tackle the issue of inconvenient clock synchronization in marine controlled-source electromagnetic (MCSEM) operations with coaxial cables. This clock synchronization method in the paper can be applied to scenarios where coaxial cables are used for MCSEM operations. We hope that in the future, MCSEM transmitters can be deployed on a wider variety of ships to reduce costs and broaden the scope of applications.

The Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) Sentinel Vegetation Indices (QSVI) plugin is an efficient, user-friendly tool designed to calculate key environmental remote sensing indices. Developed using a Python library within the QGIS software, QSVI significantly reduces computation time, exceeding other popular GIS applications. This study demonstrates its effectiveness in processing large datasets, offering a cost-effective solution for environmental monitoring and analysis, which is particularly valuable in educational settings.

A multi-process drilling system (MPDS), comprising an air system and a drilling-fluid circulation system (DFCS) was developed in China for subglacial bedrock sampling. The air system and DFCS were highly integrated in 20 ft container for easy transportation and assembly. Both systems were tested in China and Antarctica. The experiences and lessons learned in designing and testing would be helpful to promote the development of subglacial bedrock drilling technology.

In spring 2021, a study compared sea surface temperature (SST) measurements from thermal infrared (IR) and passive microwave (PMW) radiometers on a ferry between Denmark and Iceland. The goal was to reduce atmospheric effects and directly compare IR and PMW measurements. A method was developed to convert PMW data to match IR data, with uncertainties analysed in the process. The findings provide insights to improve SST inter-comparisons and enhance the synergy between IR and PMW observations.

Under German law, crack damage stress must not be reached at any time during the operation or post-closure phase of a nuclear waste repository. This legal requirement can only be fulfilled if the parameter can be measured precisely. We have thus developed a new measurement technique, which overcomes the limitations of the conventional method. In combination, old and new methods offer an easy procedure to detect crack damage stress in fully saturated rocks in a fast and robust manner.

In this paper we perform laboratory tests and investigate the feasibility to use existing subsea intervention technology, such as manipulator arms to retrieve short solid ice samples during under-ice dives of robotic vehicles. This investigation shows, that with minor modifications existing ice coring technology can be combined with existing subsea technology to provide novel sampling opportunities for submarine ice.

Our study investigated the influence of plant processes on oxygen dynamics, crucial for paleoclimatology. By examining maize respiration and photosynthesis using advanced techniques, we enhanced our understanding of past climates through ice core analysis.

In the field of marine controlled-source electromagnetic (MCSEM) systems, the evident issue of heating caused by the demand for high power was observed during previous marine experiments, where devices and cables were damaged due to overheating. Therefore, the idea was conceived to design a non-contact temperature measurement system tailored specifically to MCSEM systems, with the capacity to seamlessly adapt to the existing hardware conditions at sea.

Based on a case study, we analyzed data from two pairs of conjugate stations to compare continuous Pc3 pulsations. Using Fourier and wavelet transform techniques, we identified similar pulsations at both locations; however, amplitudes were higher in the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA) region. This enhancement may be linked to the unique conditions of the region, where energetic particles interact with both the magnetosphere and the ionosphere.

INTERMAGNET (International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network) is a global network of over 100 magnetic observatories, working with the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA). Its one-minute measurement data undergo a strict two-stage review by expert teams, ensuring high accuracy and consistency. Verified data are published online and as DOI. This gives researchers and practitioners fast access to reliable data for science and practical applications.

This paper presents the design and development of the Snow Terrain and Mobility Evaluation Tool (STMET), a multipurpose system equipped with electronic sensors and an alarm mechanism. STMET collects key snow and soil parameters to assess trafficability and avalanche risk, enhancing safety and mobility in challenging terrains. It offers a new innovative alternative to traditional tools such as cone penetrometers, ramsondes and the SnowMicroPen.

The development and characterization of a ground-based system measuring column average concentrations of greenhouse gases is described, as well as the corresponding four years dataset recorded at Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK. The system, based on high-resolution Fourier Transform spectroscopy of atmospheric transmission, fulfills the requirements established by the Total Carbon Column Observatory Network (TCCON) to contribute to the international greenhouse gas observing infrastructure.

Severe space weather events can create electric fields in the sub-surface which can disrupt, and damage grounded technological systems. In 2012 we began installing monitoring equipment at the UK geomagnetic observatories to measure these electric fields to help us better understand their effects. These have run for over ten years, gathering useful data. This paper covers the design of the system, the problems we encountered, how we overcame them and how we make the data available.

A new magnetic observatory has been established on La Réunion Island in the Indian Ocean. This isolated observatory serves to monitor the evolution of the magnetic field in that region. It is also useful for large-scale modelling of the core field and other contributions to the geomagnetic field. The vector magnetic field components are measured every second, transmitted every 5 min to the Institut de physique du globe de Paris, and made immediately available to users (see www.bcmt.fr).

The effect of lightning strikes on the data with increasing distance, intensity and ground conductivity shows that higher-intensity strikes has had an impact of the data and instruments. It is crucial to determine the location and configuration where the installation can avoid the effects of groundwater fluctuations as well as lightning strikes. The susceptibility model, along with conductivity information, is used to make a selection of a new sites for trial measurements.

We developed a correction model based on laboratory data, taking into account elements such as fluid density and viscosity. Our model showed an ideal accuracy and outperformed other models. When applied in real situations, it significantly reduced the differences in calculated stresses for different fracturing fluids.

Humidity sensors that function under extreme conditions are needed in experimental chambers as well as for humidity measurements on Mars. Such a sensor was already used in a chamber at the German Aerospace Center and is well characterized; however this sensor is no longer in production and has been replaced by a new generation, requiring verification of the new sensor under extreme conditions. The results show that the new sensor is suitable for measurements under Martian atmospheric conditions.