This work presents simulations, modelling, and experimental verification of a novel steady-state surface nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) transmitter used for the non-invasive exploration of groundwater. The paper focuses on three main aspects of high-current transmitter instrumentation: thermal management, current-drooping, and pulse stability. This work will interest readers involved in geoscientific instrument prototyping for groundwater exploration using portable geoscientific instruments.

Witness reports of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) occasionally associate UAP sightings with strong magnetic effects. These reports have motivated the incorporation of a magnetometer into the Galileo Project, a Harvard-led scientific collaboration whose aim is to collect and analyze data that could help elucidate the nature of UAP. Here, we present how we tested our magnetometer by comparing data recorded at our observatory in Colorado, USA, with data of a certified magnetic observatory.

We constructed an easy-to-use, open-source method for mapping minerals in rock thin sections. We implemented the method within the geographical information system QGIS and the Orfeo ToolBox plugin using random forest image classification on scanning electron microscope data. We applied the method to 14 rock thin sections. Mineral abundance estimates from our method compare favorably to previously published estimates, and 96 % spatially and categorically agree with manually derived mineral maps.

We present a method to optimize the number and placement of temperature sensors in the borehole for borehole thermometry. Based on heat transfer model simulations, a greedy algorithm chooses sensor locations that minimize sampling errors. Applications in Antarctic and Greenland boreholes show this method outperforms traditional linear and exponential spacing, reducing errors up to tenfold. This approach offers an efficient, cost-effective solution to improve subsurface temperature monitoring.

Our research introduces technology for exploring subglacial lakes while keeping them isolated from surface contamination. The RECoverable Autonomous Sonde (RECAS) can drill ice both downward and upward, allowing clean water sampling. In some cases, the sonde should drill at specific angles to follow a trajectory, maintain verticality, or bypass obstacles. This paper describes the general principles of steering the RECAS by adjusting the drill's heat distribution and the experimental results.

This work explores the use of aerial photography surveys for mapping glaciers, specifically in challenging environments. Using examples from two glaciers in Arctic Canada, we discuss the main factors which can affect data collection and review methods for capturing and processing images to create accurate topographic maps. Key recommendations include choosing the right camera and positioning equipment and adapting survey design to maximise data quality, even under less-than-ideal conditions.

The Modular Aquatic Robotic Platform–Freiberg (MARP-FG) is an autonomous catamaran designed to improve water monitoring by reducing human-related biases. It supports customizable sensors for water profiling, 3D basin mapping, and greenhouse gas flux measurements. Tested in Amazonian and European waters, MARP-FG showed precise navigation and reliable data collection under challenging weather, enhancing long-term, automated aquatic ecosystem monitoring.

This publication presents data from geophysical measurements taken in the Rospuda wetlands in NE Poland using the electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) method. The study aimed to provide the material for illustration of the arrangement of geological layers creating the wetland. The data can help develop models of groundwater and surface water contact as well as improve understanding of the area's geomorphology with soil property diversity, offering insights into this unexplored region.

Based on a case study, we analyzed data from two pairs of conjugate stations to compare continuous Pc3 pulsations. Using Fourier and wavelet transform techniques, we identified similar pulsations at both locations; however, amplitudes were higher in the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA) region. This enhancement may be linked to the unique conditions of the region, where energetic particles interact with both the magnetosphere and the ionosphere.

Under German law, crack damage stress must not be reached at any time during the operation or post-closure phase of a nuclear waste repository. This legal requirement can only be fulfilled if the parameter can be measured precisely. We have thus developed a new measurement technique, which overcomes the limitations of the conventional method. In combination, old and new methods offer an easy procedure to detect crack damage stress in fully saturated rocks in a fast and robust manner.

The Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) Sentinel Vegetation Indices (QSVI) plugin is an efficient, user-friendly tool designed to calculate key environmental remote sensing indices. Developed using a Python library within the QGIS software, QSVI significantly reduces computation time, exceeding other popular GIS applications. This study demonstrates its effectiveness in processing large datasets, offering a cost-effective solution for environmental monitoring and analysis, which is particularly valuable in educational settings.

This paper presents first results from the new Entoto Magnetometer Station near Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The station, located near the magnetic equator, fills a critical gap in the global geomagnetic network. Early data show successful detection of geomagnetic disturbances consistent with global indices, enhancing Africa’s contribution to space weather research and fostering international collaboration.

Climate change in combination with a steadily growing world population and a simultaneous decrease in agricultural land is one of the greatest global challenges facing mankind. In this context, Forschungszentrum Jülich established an "agricultural simulator" (AgraSim), which enables research into the effects of climate change on agricultural ecosystems and the optimization of agricultural cultivation and management strategies with the aid of combined experimental and numerical simulation.

A multi-process drilling system (MPDS), comprising an air system and a drilling-fluid circulation system (DFCS) was developed in China for subglacial bedrock sampling. The air system and DFCS were highly integrated in 20 ft container for easy transportation and assembly. Both systems were tested in China and Antarctica. The experiences and lessons learned in designing and testing would be helpful to promote the development of subglacial bedrock drilling technology.

We developed a software system for a high-precision magnetometer platform, specifically designed for human-occupied vehicles (HOVs). The system integrates magnetometers to deliver accurate magnetic field detection, with advanced features such as automatic probe switching and magnetic compensation. The system's performance was validated through rigorous laboratory tests and marine experiments on the Shenhai Yongshi platform. 

This research aims to tackle the issue of inconvenient clock synchronization in marine controlled-source electromagnetic (MCSEM) operations with coaxial cables. This clock synchronization method in the paper can be applied to scenarios where coaxial cables are used for MCSEM operations. We hope that in the future, MCSEM transmitters can be deployed on a wider variety of ships to reduce costs and broaden the scope of applications.

The new Arctic magnetic observatory at Pituffik in Greenland is strategically located in a sparsely monitored high-latitude region. Analysis of over a year of data, including baseline stability, temperature control, and calibrated magnetic field measurements demonstrates high data quality and confirms the observatory’s readiness for contribution to the international geomagnetic community.

INTERMAGNET (International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network) is a global network of over 100 magnetic observatories, working with the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA). Its one-minute measurement data undergo a strict two-stage review by expert teams, ensuring high accuracy and consistency. Verified data are published online and as DOI. This gives researchers and practitioners fast access to reliable data for science and practical applications.

We addressed limitations in mineral exploration tools: poor shallow-depth imaging, complex controls, and inefficient data transmission. Our solution combining advanced hardware and intelligent software, it ensures stable high-speed data flow, enables remote control/real-time viewing anywhere, and operates reliably in diverse field conditions. Successfully tested in a Chinese mining area, it provides geologists with a more powerful, user-friendly tool for underground mapping.

We explored a new method to improve Micromagnetic Tomography (MMT), a technique to study the magnetic signal stored in rocks. Precise co-registration of MMT datasets is crucial but challenging, so we tested the use of micro-sized marker structures. These markers help with sample orientation during measurements, speed up data processing, and improve precision. This offers benefits for MMT and other geoscience research requiring precise sample positioning and dataset co-registration.

In this paper we perform laboratory tests and investigate the feasibility to use existing subsea intervention technology, such as manipulator arms to retrieve short solid ice samples during under-ice dives of robotic vehicles. This investigation shows, that with minor modifications existing ice coring technology can be combined with existing subsea technology to provide novel sampling opportunities for submarine ice.

Severe space weather events can create electric fields in the sub-surface which can disrupt, and damage grounded technological systems. In 2012 we began installing monitoring equipment at the UK geomagnetic observatories to measure these electric fields to help us better understand their effects. These have run for over ten years, gathering useful data. This paper covers the design of the system, the problems we encountered, how we overcame them and how we make the data available.

This study establishes Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-based azimuth remeasurement scenarios for geomagnetic observatories. Five prioritized workflows address diverse field conditions. Validations at Hongshan, Quanzhou, and Yulin observatories confirm Scenario I (flat and clear line of sight) and Scenario II (alternative clear path available) feasibility. Preliminary error analysis informs a deployment priority sequence, providing scalable solutions for complex environments.

We've compared the amplitude spectral densities of a fluxgate magnetometer (FGM) and an anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) magnetometer during ground testing with the amplitude spectral densities obtained in different regions of near-Earth space. The FGM can measure the fields in the different space regions and their fluctuations within a frequency range of 1 mHz to 2.5 Hz. The AMR magnetometer is only suitable for more turbulent regions such as the magnetosheath due to its higher noise levels.

The development and characterization of a ground-based system measuring column average concentrations of greenhouse gases is described, as well as the corresponding four years dataset recorded at Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK. The system, based on high-resolution Fourier Transform spectroscopy of atmospheric transmission, fulfills the requirements established by the Total Carbon Column Observatory Network (TCCON) to contribute to the international greenhouse gas observing infrastructure.

A novel approach that uses tipping point analysis for identifying instrumental changes in sensor data that may not have full description of legacy hardware. The technique helps interpret changes of pattern in the data (autocorrelations) and distinguish them from climatic and environmental effects. This is particularly important for historic datasets, where instrumental changes may be undocumented or lack metadata.

The increasing impact of climate change and human activities on greenhouse gas emissions highlights the need for effective monitoring, especially from the soil. Our design introduces a low-cost solution for measuring soil gas flux that is adaptable to various environments. Additionally, we propose a novel method for ensuring data quality before deploying these systems in the field.

In the field of marine controlled-source electromagnetic (MCSEM) systems, the evident issue of heating caused by the demand for high power was observed during previous marine experiments, where devices and cables were damaged due to overheating. Therefore, the idea was conceived to design a non-contact temperature measurement system tailored specifically to MCSEM systems, with the capacity to seamlessly adapt to the existing hardware conditions at sea.

A new magnetic observatory has been established on La Réunion Island in the Indian Ocean. This isolated observatory serves to monitor the evolution of the magnetic field in that region. It is also useful for large-scale modelling of the core field and other contributions to the geomagnetic field. The vector magnetic field components are measured every second, transmitted every 5 min to the Institut de physique du globe de Paris, and made immediately available to users (see www.bcmt.fr).

IMBOT, the INTERMAGNET ROBOT, has been developed to perform automated routines to convert and evaluate data submission to INTERMAGNET, a global network of geomagnetic observatories. IMBOT makes data review faster and more reliable, providing high-quality data for the geomagnetic community.

We present field measurements collected during the Finnish Antarctic Research Program (FINNARP) 2022 expedition at Aboa station in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Weekly observations were taken at the automatic weather station site and at selected overpass locations of two satellites. The dataset includes continuous meteorological records, snow pit profiles, ground- and drone-based radiation measurements, and snow surface roughness from laser scans.

This paper seeks to demonstrate how the implementation of a quality management system facilitated the organization and enhancement of the operations of the Teoloyucan Magnetic Observatory, the only one in Mexico. This document describes the operation, functionality, and deployment of the Earth's magnetic field data recorded at this observatory, as well as the procedure for acquiring ISO 9001:2015 certification.

This paper presents the design and development of the Snow Terrain and Mobility Evaluation Tool (STMET), a multipurpose system equipped with electronic sensors and an alarm mechanism. STMET collects key snow and soil parameters to assess trafficability and avalanche risk, enhancing safety and mobility in challenging terrains. It offers a new innovative alternative to traditional tools such as cone penetrometers, ramsondes and the SnowMicroPen.

We have adopted Polaris sighting as our azimuth observation at our observatories for a long time. This method, however, has some difficulties such as weather-dependent observation conditions. Therefore, we examined the satellite method and found that its precision was comparable to the Polaris sighting. We also found that a significant difference of about 10 arcseconds between them. This is due likely to a deflection of vertical, which is well known in the field of geodetic surveying.

We tested solar regulators to find their suitability for use in powering instruments in the polar regions. We found that some models waste a lot of power and may result in instruments failing during the wintertime. We developed a model to illustrate this effect, and use it to show that a good choice of solar regulator means a greater chance of successful winter data collection and allows the use of a smaller, lighter, cheaper battery.

Our study investigated the influence of plant processes on oxygen dynamics, crucial for paleoclimatology. By examining maize respiration and photosynthesis using advanced techniques, we enhanced our understanding of past climates through ice core analysis.

The effect of lightning strikes on the data with increasing distance, intensity and ground conductivity shows that higher-intensity strikes has had an impact of the data and instruments. It is crucial to determine the location and configuration where the installation can avoid the effects of groundwater fluctuations as well as lightning strikes. The susceptibility model, along with conductivity information, is used to make a selection of a new sites for trial measurements.

We developed a correction model based on laboratory data, taking into account elements such as fluid density and viscosity. Our model showed an ideal accuracy and outperformed other models. When applied in real situations, it significantly reduced the differences in calculated stresses for different fracturing fluids.

We developed a system for frequency control and monitoring of pulsed high-power lasers. It works in real-time, controls the laser cavity length, and performs a spectral analyzes of each individual laser pulse. The motivation for this work was to improve the retrieval of Doppler winds measured by lidar in the middle atmosphere by taking the frequency stability of the lidar transmitter into account.

A Python-based tool for real-time visualization and quality control of 1 s and 1 min geomagnetic data has been developed for geomagnetic observatories in Choutuppal and Hyderabad, India. This tool generates plots, performs quality checks, and prepares data for analysis. It also integrates artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques to enhance the accuracy and accessibility of geomagnetic data.

Humidity sensors that function under extreme conditions are needed in experimental chambers as well as for humidity measurements on Mars. Such a sensor was already used in a chamber at the German Aerospace Center and is well characterized; however this sensor is no longer in production and has been replaced by a new generation, requiring verification of the new sensor under extreme conditions. The results show that the new sensor is suitable for measurements under Martian atmospheric conditions.

This study evaluates the data quality and long-term robustness of reference fluxgate theodolites in Geomagnetic Network of China (GNC). Results show high stability in reference instruments and no drift. Operator dependent errors were identified as the primary contributor in observer data. The study highlights the critical role of comparisons. Future efforts should integrate sensors and automation technologies to minimize human errors, thereby providing a higher quality data for studies.

During coseismic slip, rapid fault sliding generates heat, triggering processes that weaken fault materials. Flash heating at stressed contacts is a key dynamic weakening mechanism, but data on flash temperatures in sheared gouge are limited. We built an experimental setup with a high-speed infrared camera to capture in-situ thermal images during rapid shearing to determine how peak flash temperature varies with conditions and compare with theoretical predictions.