Articles | Volume 9, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-153-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-153-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
22 Apr 2020
Research article |
| 22 Apr 2020
| 22 Apr 2020
Daedalus: a low-flying spacecraft for in situ exploration of the lower thermosphere–ionosphere
Theodoros E. Sarris
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus
University of Thrace, Xanthi, 67132, Greece
Elsayed R. Talaat
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD
20910, USA
Minna Palmroth
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Space and Earth Observation Center, Helsinki, Finland
Iannis Dandouras
Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse/CNRS/UPS/CNES, Toulouse, 31028, France
Errico Armandillo
Space Engineering Consultant, Eventech Ltd, Dzerbenes street 14, Riga, 1006, Latvia
Guram Kervalishvili
German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Stephan Buchert
Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, 75121, Sweden
Stylianos Tourgaidis
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus
University of Thrace, Xanthi, 67132, Greece
Space Programmes Unit, Athena Research & Innovation Centre, Amarousio Athens, 15125, Greece
David M. Malaspina
Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80026, USA
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
Allison N. Jaynes
Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1479, USA
Nikolaos Paschalidis
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
John Sample
Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, MTCE1 59717-2220, USA
Jasper Halekas
Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1479, USA
Eelco Doornbos
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute – KNMI, P.O. Box 201,
3730 AE De Bilt, the Netherlands
Vaios Lappas
Space Programmes Unit, Athena Research & Innovation Centre, Amarousio Athens, 15125, Greece
Therese Moretto Jørgensen
Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5520, Norway
Claudia Stolle
German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Mark Clilverd
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, CB30ERT, UK
High Altitude Observatory, NCAR, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA
Ingmar Sandberg
Space Applications & Research Consultancy (SPARC), Athens,
10677, Greece
Panagiotis Pirnaris
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus
University of Thrace, Xanthi, 67132, Greece
Anita Aikio
University of Oulu, Ionospheric Physics Unit, Oulu, 90014, Finland
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Irina Mironova, Miriam Sinnhuber, Galina Bazilevskaya, Mark Clilverd, Bernd Funke, Vladimir Makhmutov, Eugene Rozanov, Michelle L. Santee, Timofei Sukhodolov, and Thomas Ulich
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David A. Newnham, Mark A. Clilverd, William D. J. Clark, Michael Kosch, Pekka T. Verronen, and Alan E. E. Rogers
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Filomena Catapano, Stephan Buchert, Enkelejda Qamili, Thomas Nilsson, Jerome Bouffard, Christian Siemes, Igino Coco, Raffaella D'Amicis, Lars Tøffner-Clausen, Lorenzo Trenchi, Poul Erik Holmdahl Olsen, and Anja Stromme
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 149–162, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-149-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-149-2022, 2022
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Vertti Tarvus, Lucile Turc, Markus Battarbee, Jonas Suni, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Markku Alho, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Andreas Johlander, Konstantinos Papadakis, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 39, 911–928, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-911-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-911-2021, 2021
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We use simulations of Earth's magnetosphere and study the formation of transient wave structures in the region where the solar wind first interacts with the magnetosphere. These transients move earthward and play a part in the solar wind–magnetosphere interaction. We show that the transients are a common feature and their properties are altered as they move earthward, including an increase in temperature, decrease in solar wind speed and an alteration in their propagation properties.
Manfred Ern, Mohamadou Diallo, Peter Preusse, Martin G. Mlynczak, Michael J. Schwartz, Qian Wu, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13763–13795, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13763-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13763-2021, 2021
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Andrei Runov, Maxime Grandin, Minna Palmroth, Markus Battarbee, Urs Ganse, Heli Hietala, Sanni Hoilijoki, Emilia Kilpua, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Sergio Toledo-Redondo, Lucile Turc, and Drew Turner
Ann. Geophys., 39, 599–612, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-599-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-599-2021, 2021
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In collisionless systems like space plasma, particle velocity distributions contain fingerprints of ongoing physical processes. However, it is challenging to decode this information from observations. We used hybrid-Vlasov simulations to obtain ion velocity distribution functions at different locations and at different stages of the Earth's magnetosphere dynamics. The obtained distributions provide valuable examples that may be directly compared with observations by satellites in space.
Minna Palmroth, Savvas Raptis, Jonas Suni, Tomas Karlsson, Lucile Turc, Andreas Johlander, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Xochitl Blanco-Cano, Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti, Markus Battarbee, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Vertti Tarvus, and Adnane Osmane
Ann. Geophys., 39, 289–308, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-289-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-289-2021, 2021
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Magnetosheath jets are high-velocity features within the Earth's turbulent magnetosheath, separating the Earth's magnetic domain from the solar wind. The characteristics of the jets are difficult to assess statistically as a function of their lifetime because normally spacecraft observe them only at one position within the magnetosheath. This study first confirms the accuracy of the model used, Vlasiator, by comparing it to MMS spacecraft, and then carries out the first jet lifetime statistics.
Joshua Dreyer, Noora Partamies, Daniel Whiter, Pål G. Ellingsen, Lisa Baddeley, and Stephan C. Buchert
Ann. Geophys., 39, 277–288, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-277-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-277-2021, 2021
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Small-scale auroral features are still being discovered and are not well understood. Where aurorae are caused by particle precipitation, the newly reported fragmented aurora-like emissions (FAEs) seem to be locally generated in the ionosphere (hence,
aurora-like). We analyse data from multiple instruments located near Longyearbyen to derive their main characteristics. They seem to occur as two types in a narrow altitude region (individually or in regularly spaced groups).
Minna Palmroth, Maxime Grandin, Theodoros Sarris, Eelco Doornbos, Stelios Tourgaidis, Anita Aikio, Stephan Buchert, Mark A. Clilverd, Iannis Dandouras, Roderick Heelis, Alex Hoffmann, Nickolay Ivchenko, Guram Kervalishvili, David J. Knudsen, Anna Kotova, Han-Li Liu, David M. Malaspina, Günther March, Aurélie Marchaudon, Octav Marghitu, Tomoko Matsuo, Wojciech J. Miloch, Therese Moretto-Jørgensen, Dimitris Mpaloukidis, Nils Olsen, Konstantinos Papadakis, Robert Pfaff, Panagiotis Pirnaris, Christian Siemes, Claudia Stolle, Jonas Suni, Jose van den IJssel, Pekka T. Verronen, Pieter Visser, and Masatoshi Yamauchi
Ann. Geophys., 39, 189–237, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-189-2021, 2021
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This is a review paper that summarises the current understanding of the lower thermosphere–ionosphere (LTI) in terms of measurements and modelling. The LTI is the transition region between space and the atmosphere and as such of tremendous importance to both the domains of space and atmosphere. The paper also serves as the background for European Space Agency Earth Explorer 10 candidate mission Daedalus.
Markus Battarbee, Thiago Brito, Markku Alho, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Maxime Grandin, Urs Ganse, Konstantinos Papadakis, Andreas Johlander, Lucile Turc, Maxime Dubart, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 39, 85–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-85-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-85-2021, 2021
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We investigate local acceleration dynamics of electrons with a new numerical simulation method, which is an extension of a world-leading kinetic plasma simulation. We describe how large supercomputer simulations can be used to initialize the electron simulations and show numerical stability for the electron method. We show that features of our simulated electrons match observations from Earth's magnetic tail region.
Maxime Dubart, Urs Ganse, Adnane Osmane, Andreas Johlander, Markus Battarbee, Maxime Grandin, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Lucile Turc, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1283–1298, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1283-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1283-2020, 2020
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Plasma waves are ubiquitous in the Earth's magnetosphere. They are responsible for many energetic processes happening in Earth's atmosphere, such as auroras. In order to understand these processes, thorough investigations of these waves are needed. We use a state-of-the-art numerical model to do so. Here we investigate the impact of different spatial resolutions in the model on these waves in order to improve in the future the model without wasting computational resources.
Patrick Mungufeni, Sripathi Samireddipalle, Yenca Migoya-Orué, and Yong Ha Kim
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1203–1215, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1203-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1203-2020, 2020
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This study developed a model of total electron content (TEC) over the African region. The TEC data were derived from radio occultation measurements done by the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) satellites. Data during geomagnetically quiet time for the years 2008–2011 and 2013–2017 were binned according to local time, seasons, solar flux level, geographic longitude, and dip latitude. Cubic B splines were used to fit the data for the model.
Markus Battarbee, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, Lucile Turc, Primož Kajdič, Andreas Johlander, Vertti Tarvus, Stephen Fuselier, Karlheinz Trattner, Markku Alho, Thiago Brito, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti, Tomas Karlsson, Savvas Raptis, Maxime Dubart, Maxime Grandin, Jonas Suni, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1081–1099, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1081-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1081-2020, 2020
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We investigate the dynamics of helium in the foreshock, a part of near-Earth space found upstream of the Earth's bow shock. We show how the second most common ion in interplanetary space reacts strongly to plasma waves found in the foreshock. Spacecraft observations and supercomputer simulations both give us a new understanding of the foreshock edge and how to interpret future observations.
Sharon Aol, Stephan Buchert, Edward Jurua, and Marco Milla
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1063–1080, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1063-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1063-2020, 2020
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Ionospheric irregularities are a common phenomenon in the low-latitude ionosphere. In this paper, we compared simultaneous observations of plasma plumes by the JULIA radar, ionogram spread F generated from ionosonde observations installed at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory, and irregularities observed in situ by Swarm to determine whether Swarm in situ observations can be used as indicators of the presence of plasma plumes and spread F on the ground.
Lucile Turc, Vertti Tarvus, Andrew P. Dimmock, Markus Battarbee, Urs Ganse, Andreas Johlander, Maxime Grandin, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Maxime Dubart, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1045–1062, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1045-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1045-2020, 2020
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Using global computer simulations, we study properties of the magnetosheath, the region of near-Earth space where the stream of particles originating from the Sun, the solar wind, is slowed down and deflected around the Earth's magnetic field. One of our main findings is that even for idealised solar wind conditions as used in our model, the magnetosheath density shows large-scale spatial and temporal variation in the so-called quasi-parallel magnetosheath, causing varying levels of asymmetry.
Stephan C. Buchert
Ann. Geophys., 38, 1019–1030, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1019-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1019-2020, 2020
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Winds in the Earth's upper atmosphere cause magnetic and electric variations both at the ground and in space all over the Earth. According to the model of entangled dynamos the true cause is wind differences between regions in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres that are connected by the Earth's dipole-like magnetic field. The power produced in the southern dynamo heats the northern upper atmosphere and vice versa. The dynamos exist owing to this entanglement, an analogy to quantum mechanics.
Harriet George, Emilia Kilpua, Adnane Osmane, Timo Asikainen, Milla M. H. Kalliokoski, Craig J. Rodger, Stepan Dubyagin, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 931–951, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-931-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-931-2020, 2020
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We compared trapped outer radiation belt electron fluxes to high-latitude precipitating electron fluxes during two interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) with opposite magnetic cloud rotation. The electron response had many similarities and differences between the two events, indicating that different acceleration mechanisms acted. Van Allen Probe data were used for trapped electron flux measurements, and Polar Operational Environmental Satellites were used for precipitating flux data.
João Teixeira da Encarnação, Pieter Visser, Daniel Arnold, Aleš Bezdek, Eelco Doornbos, Matthias Ellmer, Junyi Guo, Jose van den IJssel, Elisabetta Iorfida, Adrian Jäggi, Jaroslav Klokocník, Sandro Krauss, Xinyuan Mao, Torsten Mayer-Gürr, Ulrich Meyer, Josef Sebera, C. K. Shum, Chaoyang Zhang, Yu Zhang, and Christoph Dahle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1385–1417, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1385-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1385-2020, 2020
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Although not the primary mission of the Swarm three-satellite constellation, the sensors on these satellites are accurate enough to measure the melting and accumulation of Earth’s ice reservoirs, precipitation cycles, floods, and droughts, amongst others. Swarm sees these changes well compared to the dedicated GRACE satellites at spatial scales of roughly 1500 km. Swarm confirms most GRACE observations, such as the large ice melting in Greenland and the wet and dry seasons in the Amazon.
Milla M. H. Kalliokoski, Emilia K. J. Kilpua, Adnane Osmane, Drew L. Turner, Allison N. Jaynes, Lucile Turc, Harriet George, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 683–701, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-683-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-683-2020, 2020
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We present a comprehensive statistical study of the response of the Earth's space environment in sheath regions prior to interplanetary coronal mass ejections. The inner magnetospheric wave activity is enhanced in sheath regions, and the sheaths cause significant changes to the outer radiation belt electron fluxes over short timescales. We also show that non-geoeffective sheaths can result in a significant response.
Markus Battarbee, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Lucile Turc, Thiago Brito, Maxime Grandin, Tuomas Koskela, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 625–643, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-625-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-625-2020, 2020
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The structure and medium-scale dynamics of Earth's bow shock and how charged solar wind particles are reflected by it are studied in order to better understand space weather effects. We use advanced supercomputer simulations to model the shock and reflected ions. We find that the thickness of the shock depends on solar wind conditions but also has small-scale variations. Charged particle reflection is shown to be non-localized. Magnetic fields are important for ion reflection.
Emilia Kilpua, Liisa Juusola, Maxime Grandin, Antti Kero, Stepan Dubyagin, Noora Partamies, Adnane Osmane, Harriet George, Milla Kalliokoski, Tero Raita, Timo Asikainen, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 38, 557–574, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-557-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-557-2020, 2020
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Coronal mass ejection sheaths and ejecta are key drivers of significant space weather storms, and they cause dramatic changes in radiation belt electron fluxes. Differences in precipitation of high-energy electrons from the belts to the upper atmosphere are thus expected. We investigate here differences in sheath- and ejecta-induced precipitation using the Finnish riometer (relative ionospheric opacity meter) chain.
Sharon Aol, Stephan Buchert, and Edward Jurua
Ann. Geophys., 38, 243–261, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-243-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-243-2020, 2020
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During the night, in the F region, equatorial ionospheric irregularities manifest as plasma depletions observed by satellites and may cause radio signals to fluctuate. We checked the distribution traits of ionospheric F-region irregularities in the low latitudes using 16 Hz electron density observations made by the faceplate onboard Swarm satellites. Using the high-resolution faceplate data, we were able to identify ionospheric irregularities of scales of only a few hundred metres.
Anasuya Aruliah, Matthias Förster, Rosie Hood, Ian McWhirter, and Eelco Doornbos
Ann. Geophys., 37, 1095–1120, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-1095-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-1095-2019, 2019
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Winds near the top of the atmosphere are expected to be the same at all heights for a given location by assuming high viscosity in rarefied gases. However, wind measurements from satellite drag at 350–400 km altitude were found to be up to 2 times larger than optical measurements at ∼240 km. Satellites provide global measurements, and ground-based FPIs provide long-term monitoring at single sites. So we must understand this inconsistency to model and predict atmospheric behaviour correctly.
Maxime Grandin, Markus Battarbee, Adnane Osmane, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Lucile Turc, Thiago Brito, Tuomas Koskela, Maxime Dubart, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 37, 791–806, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-791-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-791-2019, 2019
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When the terrestrial magnetic field is disturbed, particles from the near-Earth space can precipitate into the upper atmosphere. This work presents, for the first time, numerical simulations of proton precipitation in the energy range associated with the production of aurora (∼1–30 keV) using a global kinetic model of the near-Earth space: Vlasiator. We find that nightside proton precipitation can be regulated by the transition region between stretched and dipolar geomagnetic field lines.
Antti Lakka, Tuija I. Pulkkinen, Andrew P. Dimmock, Emilia Kilpua, Matti Ala-Lahti, Ilja Honkonen, Minna Palmroth, and Osku Raukunen
Ann. Geophys., 37, 561–579, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-561-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-561-2019, 2019
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We study how the Earth's space environment responds to two different amplitude interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) events that occurred in 2012 and 2014 by using the GUMICS-4 global MHD model. We examine local and large-scale dynamics of the Earth's space environment and compare simulation results to in situ data. It is shown that during moderate driving simulation agrees well with the measurements; however, GMHD results should be interpreted cautiously during strong driving.
David A. Newnham, Mark A. Clilverd, Michael Kosch, Annika Seppälä, and Pekka T. Verronen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 1375–1392, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1375-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1375-2019, 2019
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A simulation study has been carried out to investigate the potential for observing ozone and hydroxyl radical abundances in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere using ground-based passive microwave radiometry. In the polar middle atmosphere these chemical species respond strongly to geomagnetic activity associated with space weather. The results show that measuring diurnal variations in ozone and hydroxyl from high-latitude Northern Hemisphere and Antarctic locations would be possible.
Xinhua Wei, Chunlin Cai, Henri Rème, Iannis Dandouras, and George Parks
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2018-124, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2018-124, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
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Observations of flapping current sheet in the magnetotail are presented to reveal their intrinsic excitation mechanism induced by alternating north-south asymmetric ion populations in the sheet center. The results suggest that nonadiabatic ions play a substantial role to determine current sheet dynamics, both its bulk mechanical instability and current profiles.
Tarique A. Siddiqui, Astrid Maute, Nick Pedatella, Yosuke Yamazaki, Hermann Lühr, and Claudia Stolle
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1545–1562, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1545-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1545-2018, 2018
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Extreme meteorological events such as SSWs induce variabilities in the ionosphere by modulating the atmospheric tides, and these variabilities can be comparable to a moderate geomagnetic storm. The equatorial electrojet (EEJ) is a narrow ribbon of current flowing over the dip equator in the ionosphere and is particularly sensitive to tidal changes. In this study, we use ground-magnetic measurements to investigate the semidiurnal solar and lunar tidal variabilities of the EEJ during SSWs.
Liisa Juusola, Sanni Hoilijoki, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Riku Jarvinen, Markus Battarbee, Emilia Kilpua, Lucile Turc, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1183–1199, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1183-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1183-2018, 2018
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The solar wind interacts with the Earth’s magnetic field, forming a magnetosphere. On the night side solar wind stretches the magnetosphere into a long tail. A process called magnetic reconnection opens the magnetic field lines and reconnects them, accelerating particles to high energies. We study this in the magnetotail using a numerical simulation model of the Earth’s magnetosphere. We study the motion of the points where field lines reconnect and the fast flows driven by this process.
Minna Palmroth, Heli Hietala, Ferdinand Plaschke, Martin Archer, Tomas Karlsson, Xóchitl Blanco-Cano, David Sibeck, Primož Kajdič, Urs Ganse, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Markus Battarbee, and Lucile Turc
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1171–1182, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1171-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1171-2018, 2018
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Magnetosheath jets are high-velocity plasma structures that are commonly observed within the Earth's magnetosheath. Previously, they have mainly been investigated with spacecraft observations, which do not allow us to infer their spatial sizes, temporal evolution, or origin. This paper shows for the first time their dimensions, evolution, and origins within a simulation whose dimensions are directly comparable to the Earth's magnetosphere. The results are compared to previous observations.
Xochitl Blanco-Cano, Markus Battarbee, Lucile Turc, Andrew P. Dimmock, Emilia K. J. Kilpua, Sanni Hoilijoki, Urs Ganse, David G. Sibeck, Paul A. Cassak, Robert C. Fear, Riku Jarvinen, Liisa Juusola, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Rami Vainio, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1081–1097, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1081-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1081-2018, 2018
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We use the Vlasiator code to study the characteristics of transient structures that exist in the Earth's foreshock, i.e. upstream of the bow shock. The structures are cavitons and spontaneous hot flow anomalies (SHFAs). These transients can interact with the bow shock. We study the changes the shock suffers via this interaction. We also investigate ion distributions associated with the cavitons and SHFAs. A very important result is that the arrival of multiple SHFAs results in shock erosion.
Liisa Juusola, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Markus Battarbee, Thiago Brito, Maxime Grandin, Lucile Turc, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1027–1035, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1027-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1027-2018, 2018
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The Earth's magnetic field is shaped by the solar wind. On the dayside the field is compressed and on the nightside it is stretched as a long tail. The tail has been observed to occasionally undergo flapping motions, but the origin of these motions is not understood. We study the flapping using a numerical simulation of the near-Earth space. We present a possible explanation for how the flapping could be initiated by a passing disturbance and then maintained as a standing wave.
Chao Xiong, Claudia Stolle, and Jaeheung Park
Ann. Geophys., 36, 679–693, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-679-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-679-2018, 2018
Libin Weng, Jiuhou Lei, Eelco Doornbos, Hanxian Fang, and Xiankang Dou
Ann. Geophys., 36, 489–496, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-489-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-489-2018, 2018
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Thermospheric mass density from the GOCE satellite for Sun-synchronous orbits between 83.5° S and 83.5° N normalized to 270 km during 2009–2013 has been used to develop our GOCE model at dawn/dusk local solar time sectors based on the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method. We find that both amplitude and phase of the seasonal variations have strong latitudinal and solar activity dependences, and the annual asymmetry and effect of the Sun–Earth distance vary with latitude and solar activity.
Quang Thai Trinh, Manfred Ern, Eelco Doornbos, Peter Preusse, and Martin Riese
Ann. Geophys., 36, 425–444, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-425-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-425-2018, 2018
Minna Palmroth, Sanni Hoilijoki, Liisa Juusola, Tuija I. Pulkkinen, Heli Hietala, Yann Pfau-Kempf, Urs Ganse, Sebastian von Alfthan, Rami Vainio, and Michael Hesse
Ann. Geophys., 35, 1269–1274, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1269-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1269-2017, 2017
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Much like solar flares, substorms occurring within the Earth's magnetic domain are explosive events that cause vivid auroral displays. A decades-long debate exists to explain the substorm onset. We devise a simulation encompassing the entire near-Earth space and demonstrate that detailed modelling of magnetic reconnection explains the central substorm observations. Our results help to understand the unpredictable substorm process, which will significantly improve space weather forecasts.
Antti Lakka, Tuija I. Pulkkinen, Andrew P. Dimmock, Adnane Osmane, Ilja Honkonen, Minna Palmroth, and Pekka Janhunen
Ann. Geophys., 35, 907–922, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-907-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-907-2017, 2017
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We studied the impact on global MHD simulations from different simulation initialisation methods. While the global MHD code used is GUMICS-4 we conclude that the results might be generalisable to other codes as well. It is found that different initialisation methods affect the dynamics of the Earth's space environment by creating differences in momentum transport several hours afterwards. These differences may even grow as a response to rapid solar wind condition changes.
Katja Matthes, Bernd Funke, Monika E. Andersson, Luke Barnard, Jürg Beer, Paul Charbonneau, Mark A. Clilverd, Thierry Dudok de Wit, Margit Haberreiter, Aaron Hendry, Charles H. Jackman, Matthieu Kretzschmar, Tim Kruschke, Markus Kunze, Ulrike Langematz, Daniel R. Marsh, Amanda C. Maycock, Stergios Misios, Craig J. Rodger, Adam A. Scaife, Annika Seppälä, Ming Shangguan, Miriam Sinnhuber, Kleareti Tourpali, Ilya Usoskin, Max van de Kamp, Pekka T. Verronen, and Stefan Versick
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2247–2302, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2247-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2247-2017, 2017
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The solar forcing dataset for climate model experiments performed for the upcoming IPCC report is described. This dataset provides the radiative and particle input of solar variability on a daily basis from 1850 through to 2300. With this dataset a better representation of natural climate variability with respect to the output of the Sun is provided which provides the most sophisticated and comprehensive respresentation of solar variability that has been used in climate model simulations so far.
Rikard Slapak, Audrey Schillings, Hans Nilsson, Masatoshi Yamauchi, Lars-Göran Westerberg, and Iannis Dandouras
Ann. Geophys., 35, 721–731, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-721-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-721-2017, 2017
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In this study, we have used Cluster satellite data to quantify the ionospheric oxygen ion (O+) escape into the solar wind and its dependence on geomagnetic activity. During times of high activity, the escape may be 2 orders of magnitude higher than under quiet conditions, strongly suggesting that the escape rate was much higher when the Sun was young. The results are important for future studies regarding atmospheric loss over geological timescales.
Theodore E. Sarris and Xinlin Li
Ann. Geophys., 35, 629–638, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-629-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-629-2017, 2017
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In this paper we describe a novel way to approximate the decomposition of magnetospheric ultra low-frequency (ULF) wave power in key azimuthal wavenumbers m, which is a parameter describing the number of azimuthal wavelengths that fit within a particle drift orbit. This is a critical parameter that is required in estimates of the rates of radial diffusion, and we show for the first time that there is a local time and geomagnetic activity dependence in the distribution of power in wavenumbers m.
Yann Pfau-Kempf, Heli Hietala, Steve E. Milan, Liisa Juusola, Sanni Hoilijoki, Urs Ganse, Sebastian von Alfthan, and Minna Palmroth
Ann. Geophys., 34, 943–959, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-943-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-943-2016, 2016
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We have simulated the interaction of the solar wind – the charged particles and magnetic fields emitted by the Sun into space – with the magnetic field of the Earth. The solar wind flows supersonically and creates a shock when it encounters the obstacle formed by the geomagnetic field. We have identified a new chain of events which causes phenomena in the downstream region to eventually cause perturbations at the shock and even upstream. This is confirmed by ground and satellite observations.
Hermann Lühr, Tao Huang, Simon Wing, Guram Kervalishvili, Jan Rauberg, and Haje Korth
Ann. Geophys., 34, 901–915, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-901-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-901-2016, 2016
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ESA's constellation mission Swarm makes it possible for the first time to determine field-aligned currents (FACs) reliably in the ionosphere. FACs are able to transport energy from the solar wind to the Earth and heat the upper atmosphere. Here we investigate FAC structures that have been missed by previous satellite missions. Most of them are found poleward of the northern light zone. The energy sources seem to be located on the nightside of Earth about 100 000 km away.
Tamás Kovács, John M. C. Plane, Wuhu Feng, Tibor Nagy, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Pekka T. Verronen, Monika E. Andersson, David A. Newnham, Mark A. Clilverd, and Daniel R. Marsh
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3123–3136, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3123-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3123-2016, 2016
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This study was completed on D-region atmospheric model development. The sophisticated 3-D Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) and the 1-D Sodynkalä Ion and Neutral Chemistry Model (SIC) were combined in order to provide a detailed, accurate model (WACCM-SIC) that considers the processes taking place in solar proton events. The original SIC model was reduced by mechanism reduction, which provided an accurate sub-mechanism (rSIC, WACCM-rSIC) of the original model.
Theodore E. Sarris and Xinlin Li
Ann. Geophys., 34, 565–571, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-565-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-565-2016, 2016
N. Y. Ganushkina, M. W. Liemohn, S. Dubyagin, I. A. Daglis, I. Dandouras, D. L. De Zeeuw, Y. Ebihara, R. Ilie, R. Katus, M. Kubyshkina, S. E. Milan, S. Ohtani, N. Ostgaard, J. P. Reistad, P. Tenfjord, F. Toffoletto, S. Zaharia, and O. Amariutei
Ann. Geophys., 33, 1369–1402, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1369-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1369-2015, 2015
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A number of current systems exist in the Earth's magnetosphere. It is very difficult to identify local measurements as belonging to a specific current system. Therefore, there are different definitions of supposedly the same current, leading to unnecessary controversy. This study presents a robust collection of these definitions of current systems in geospace, particularly in the near-Earth nightside magnetosphere, as viewed from a variety of observational and computational analysis techniques.
E. Lee, G. K. Parks, S. Y. Fu, M. Fillingim, Y. B. Cui, J. Hong, I. Dandouras, and H. Rème
Ann. Geophys., 33, 1263–1269, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1263-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1263-2015, 2015
K. Konstantinidis and T. Sarris
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2967–2975, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2967-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2967-2015, 2015
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The 2nd & 3rd adiabatic invariants (in particular their proxies I & L*) are commonly used to characterize charged particle motion in a magnetic field. However care should be taken when calculating them, as the assumption of their conservation is not valid everywhere in the Earth’s magnetosphere. In this paper we compare calculations of I and L* using LANLstar, SPENVIS, IRBEM and a 3D particle tracer, and we map the areas in the Earth’s magnetosphere where I & L* can be assumed to be conserved.
J. Park, H. Lühr, C. Stolle, G. Malhotra, J. B. H. Baker, S. Buchert, and R. Gill
Ann. Geophys., 33, 829–835, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-829-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-829-2015, 2015
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Though high-latitude plasma convection has been monitored with a number of methods, more independent measurements are still warranted. In this study we introduce an automatic method to estimate along-track plasma drift velocity in the high-latitude ionosphere using the Swarm constellation. The obtained velocity is in qualitative agreement with Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) data. The method can be generalized to any satellite constellations in pearls-on-a-string configurations.
T. Živković, S. Buchert, P. Ritter, L. Palin, and H. Opgenoorth
Ann. Geophys., 33, 623–635, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-623-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-623-2015, 2015
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In this paper we analyze 21 conjunctions between the Cluster and CHAMP satellites while they were passing magnetic cusp during relatively quiet solar activity. Only three of the conjunctions reveal field-aligned currents on both satellites as well as neutral density enhancement in the thermosphere. Poynting and electron energy fluxes (EEF) as well as Joule heating were computed and the conclusion is that for these weak events EEF has the strongest contribution to the observed density increase.
P. T. Verronen, M. E. Andersson, A. Kero, C.-F. Enell, J. M. Wissing, E. R. Talaat, K. Kauristie, M. Palmroth, T. E. Sarris, and E. Armandillo
Ann. Geophys., 33, 381–394, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-381-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-381-2015, 2015
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Electron concentrations observed by EISCAT radars can be reasonable well represented using AIMOS v1.2 satellite-data-based ionization model and SIC D-region ion chemistry model. SIC-EISCAT difference varies from event to event, probably because the statistical nature of AIMOS ionization is not capturing all the spatio-temporal fine structure of electron precipitation. Below 90km, AIMOS overestimates electron ionization because of proton contamination of the satellite electron detectors.
G. K. Parks, E. Lee, S. Y. Fu, M. Fillingim, I. Dandouras, Y. B. Cui, J. Hong, and H. Rème
Ann. Geophys., 33, 333–344, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-333-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-333-2015, 2015
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Ions from Earth's ionosphere continually escape into space. This article examines ions escaping the auroral oval, a region in the polar region of Earth where auroras occur. Previous works have shown that ionospheric ions escape during active auroras, and more as the intensity of the aurora increases. In contrast, we have examined times of no auroras and find that ions are still escaping the auroral ionosphere. These escaping ions are an important source of auroral ions in the magnetosphere.
T. A. Siddiqui, H. Lühr, C. Stolle, and J. Park
Ann. Geophys., 33, 235–243, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-235-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-235-2015, 2015
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This paper presents the long-term observations of lunar tidal signatures in the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and their relation to stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) events. We propose an approach to estimate the occurrence of SSW events before their direct observations (before 1952) from the magnetic field observations at Huancayo.
A. Varsani, C. J. Owen, A. N. Fazakerley, C. Forsyth, A. P. Walsh, M. André, I. Dandouras, and C. M. Carr
Ann. Geophys., 32, 1093–1117, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1093-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1093-2014, 2014
A. Blagau, I. Dandouras, A. Barthe, S. Brunato, G. Facskó, and V. Constantinescu
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 3, 49–58, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-49-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-49-2014, 2014
G. N. Kervalishvili and H. Lühr
Ann. Geophys., 32, 249–261, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-249-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-249-2014, 2014
M. Yamauchi, Y. Ebihara, H. Nilsson, and I. Dandouras
Ann. Geophys., 32, 83–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-83-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-83-2014, 2014
M. E. Andersson, P. T. Verronen, C. J. Rodger, M. A. Clilverd, and S. Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1095–1105, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1095-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1095-2014, 2014
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Combining short-time forecast models, standardized interfaces to a wide range of environment detectors and a flexible user access interface, CITYZER provides decision-making authorities and private citizens with reliable information about the near-future development of critical environmental parameters like air quality and rain. The system can be easily adapted to different areas or different parameters. Alarms for critical situations can be set and used to support authority decisions.
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We report the first-ever in situ measurements of ice flow motion using a remotely controlled drone. We used a quadcopter to land on a highly crevassed area of Eqip Sermia Glacier, Greenland. The drone measured 70 cm of ice displacement over more than 4 h thanks to an accurate onboard GPS. Our study demonstrates that drones have great potential for geoscientists, especially to deploy sensors in hostile environments such as glaciers.
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Short summary
Daedalus aims to measure the largely unexplored area between Eart's atmosphere and space, the Earth's
ignorosphere. Here, intriguing and complex processes govern the deposition and transport of energy. The aim is to quantify this energy by measuring effects caused by electrodynamic processes in this region. The concept is based on a mother satellite that carries a suite of instruments, along with smaller satellites carrying a subset of instruments that are released into the atmosphere.
Daedalus aims to measure the largely unexplored area between Eart's atmosphere and space, the...
