Preprints  

Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensing (CRNS) is a non-invasive tool for measuring hydrogen pools like soil moisture, snow, or vegetation. This study presents a directional shielding approach, aiming to measure in specific directions only. The results show that non-directional neutron transport blurs the signal of the targeted direction. For typical instruments, this does not allow acceptable precision at a daily time resolution. However, the mere statistical distinction of two rates is feasible.

Methods for reconstruction of winter long data gaps in snow depth time series are compared. The methods use snow depth data from neighboring stations or calculate snow depth from temperature and precipitation data. All methods except one are able to reproduce the average snow depth and maximum snow depth in a winter reasonably well. For reconstructing the number of snow days with snow depth ≥ 1 cm, results suggest to use a snow model instead of relying on data from neighboring stations.

We use the technical methods of instrument development, calibration experiments and numerical simulation to develop a new type of in-situ stress sensor group using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology, which can calculate the in-situ stress state of surrounding rock mass by sensing the borehole wall strain. This sensor group lays an important theoretical and experimental foundation for the development and application of FBG hole-wall strain gauge.

Reduce the uncertainty in air quality assessment by imputing all missing pollutants in the monitoring stations and identify where more measurements can be beneficial. The proposed approach is based on spatial or temporal similarity between stations. We found that our proposed approach enables us to impute/estimate plausible concentrations of multiple pollutants at stations across the UK, and the modelled concentrations from the selected models correlated well with the observed concentrations.

Based on an analysis of the differences between DEM and point cloud data, including the corresponding acquisition methods, data structures and model construction methods, this paper proposes a 3D point set data model based on regular grid 2D data field for regional modeling. The feasibility of the model is tested through the upper and lower boundary modeling method.

This paper presents a brief description of the ground-based installation for the study of cosmic rays "CARPET". Today there is a network of such installations located in different parts of the world. For ground-based installations, meteorological effects must be considered as they affect the data. This paper shows a technique for eliminating barometric and temperature dependences based on data for 2019–2020.

This paper describes a seismic data set acquired by network of broadband sensors in Poland and technical issues related to data acquisition. We describe a new azimuth-transfer device for precise sensor orientation and apply methods for data-based orientation checking. We analyze the seismic noise level and discuss effect of geology at sites on character of seismic data and noise. We show data examples and describe methods of seismic data interpretation for studies of lithospheric structure.

The LOPS measure the magnetic field with high spatial coverage. Although there are no magnetic cleanliness to the satellites, triple sensors configuration enables removal of interferences from the satellites. Results show they are able to capture the Earth’s internal as well as the external fields from the magnetosphere-ionosphere current system. This study implies that large number of small low-cost satellites without magnetic cleanliness would be
the future for the space magnetic exploration.

In this paper, we have produced definitive data from Indonesian Geomagnetic Observatories to create a standardized high-quality set of measurements for scientific exploitation. We explain the steps taken to improve upon the data collections and processing protocols that previously existed and suggested improvements to enhance the quality of the magnetic time-series. The data can fill the gap in the Pacific region and provide input into geomagnetic modeling and secular variation studies.

This paper is dedicated to description of universal, easy to modify and affordable rock slope monitoring system. By such a system, we are able to monitor environmental variables, rock mass 3 m surface zone temperature and temporal dynamic of selected joints. So far, we are observed differences between three monitored sites, however, to further data analyses longer time series are needed. We hope, our work encourage scientific community to increase knowledge in this interesting field.

This paper describes the development of a new multifunctional 4-dimensional (4D) high-density electrical instrument based on remote wireless communication technology, for use in shallow geophysical prospecting. We did lots of tests. Our design successfully addresses a number of shortcomings of such instruments currently available on the market, including bulkiness, weight, limitations in data acquisition accuracy, and difficulty of connecting to the Internet for remote monitoring.

Based on the intercomparison of a photoacoustic and a cavity attenuation phase shift instruments, this manuscript has corrected and calibrated the data of recent field measurement. It showed good agreement and closure correlation in the optical properties measured from different optical methods, and the scattering coefficient part plays a crucial role as the bridge in constructing correlation of both instruments.

Global satellite navigation systems are commonly used for timing and synchronization of instrument platforms. These system clocks periodically roll over from limitations in discrete counter math. Due to the rarity of these events (19.6 years for GPS), special consideration must be given to designing instruments intended for use in hard to reach locations like the Antarctic Plateau. A few best practices are presented to prevent total system failure from unexpected subsystem faults.

The daily variation amplitude of geomagnetic component Z could represent the diurnal variation strength of geomagnetic field. The ionospheric conductivity, neutral wind in ionosphere and the complicated underground electrical structures make combined action to effect the feature of the Z daily variation amplitude in China. This paper will provide the background information or reference to researchers who study the geomagnetic diurnal variation or to analyse the anomaly.

This study proves how the experimental results coincide with theoretical factors of LE-PIXE in case of High Grade Metamorphic Rocks and calibration of Si (Li) detector in case of low Z elements for future research. The Experimental parameters behind the low Z elements and also the developments of the same LE-PIXE by alter the various parameters and the complementary techniques which will be required for low energy X-rays emitted from low Z.

Analysis of non-uniqueness model in resistivity imaging data is vital in inaugurating the consistency of models. Nevertheless, such analysis is moderately unusual in resistivity imaging data set. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) technique is being constantly used in many scientific areas including engineering, environmental and archaeological survey.

We reviewed eight algorithms to estimate missing values of environmental drivers, and separately, three major fluxes in eddy covariance time series. Overall, machine learning algorithms showed superiority over the rest, and among the top three models, feedforward neural networks, eXtreme Gradient Boost, and random forest algorithms, the later showed the most solid performance in different scenarios.

This study investigates how useful the PIXE technique is in the analysis of complex matrix composition in earth materials. Hence it gives an information on PIXE in relation to other nuclear techniques. Results obtained by PIXE must be compared with other complementary techniques to obtain an overall elemental analysis of the matrix composition of high-grade earth materials. Finally, the results are reviewed.

At present, indoor positioning technology is used in all aspects of life. I study the positioning method of UWB radar network. Because of the interference in the indoor environment, the UWB radar measurement data produce abnormal values. In order to eliminate the outliers, the method of fitting the known true value with the actual measured value is used to obtain the linear relationship between the true value and the measured value, so as to get the unknown true value through the measured value.

This paper presents a quasi-distributed thrust measurement system based on an optical frequency domain reflectometer (OFDR). This OFDR sensing system achieved a spatial resolution of 20 cm using a 500 m test fiber (the resolution of an OTDR sensing system is generally approximately 1 m), the maximum measurement pressure can reach 1.059 MPa and the maximum relative error is 8.9 %. This system has good engineering application prospects in the safety monitoring field.

This article describes the development of a mobile roadside survey procedure for obtaining corroboration data for the remote sensing of agricultural land use practices over county level areas where atmospheric conditions are unfavourable for satellite remote sensing, while improving on financial, temporal, and safety costs for in-field verification data acquisition.

This paper gives an outlook of the research aimed at development of an instrument for magnetic field survey. The developed instrument performs accurate measurements of the parameters of the Earth’s magnetic field. Such measurements are required for control of magnetic environment at observational points where the Earth’s magnetic field is continuously measured. The developed instrument is considered as a possible standard solution for assessment of artificial noise at various locations.

Nowadays ocean-bottom observatories, equipped with acceleration and pressure gauges (seismometers and tsunameters), became widespread. We suggest simple and reliable method for remote testing the calibration of the gauges installed at the ocean bottom. The method is extremely convenient for practice, since, besides measured quantities, it involves a sole physical constant – the gravity acceleration.

The CUGB-CS48DAS data acquisition system was designed for seismic purpose at first. However, we tried to integrate the acquisition circuit and after several hardware improvements and software updates, it can be used now for seismic exploration as well as electrical prospecting. It has good application effects in engineering geology, mineral geology and energy geology, and is suitable for exploration tasks in coalfields, petroleum, minerals, earthquake monitoring and urban construction, etc.

Observations of the stable isotopes of water vapor by high-resolution ground-based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provide information on study of the variation of the atmospheric water vapor at Hefei site. In this paper, the percentage of atmospheric H₂O(X_H2O) and HDO (X_HDO) have been retrieved based on a high-resolution ground-based FTIR at Hefei site, and also calculated the stable isotopes of water composition δD. The time series of X_H2O were compared with the Greenhouse gase.

Terrestrial photogrammetry is the approach by which measurements are derived from images. It is a rapidly growing method in glaciology, providing detailed records of glacier change. However, glacial photogrammetry toolboxes are limited currently. PyTrx (freely available online) has been developed here as a Python-alternative toolbox with wider capabilities for deriving velocities, areas, and line measurements. Examples are presented throughout using time-lapse imagery from glaciers in Svalbard.

Meteorological observational data obtained in highly complex terrain has to be treated differently than it is usually done within state of the art quality control procedures. The main motivation and goal is to preserve as much information as possible in order to enhance the accuracy of analysis and forecast model output. It is recommended to use the method in highly complex terrain. Sufficient data density and coherent structures within data is required.

- This study aimed to calibrate some of the existing models in the literature for estimating daily total global solar radiation parameter using available measuring records (maximum and minimum air temperatures) and three new models are developed based on maximum and minimum air temperatures and relative humidity.
- In this study, three new models that are based on the relative humidity and the difference between maximum and minimum air temperatures were suggested.

A new investigation technique for magnetic data by a 2D dipping dike has been presented. The main interpretive parameters are: the depth to the top, exact origin, and the width of dipping dike. The comparison of the results with drilling information reported in the literature demonstrated the prevalence of the suggested method and its potential for solving magnetic problem, for example in china field example the depth to the top of dike is 22.24 m and from drilling information range from 22–25.

Radar Signal processing is one of the area where there is a lot of scope for research. This area demands efficient algorithms for study of echoes derived from various atmospheric regions. Denoising techniques were used and spectral moments were calculated. Stacked doppler profile was plotted to observe the improvement in doppler detection. It has been observed that there is a considerable improvement in recognition of the doppler echoes.

An automatic process for the estimation of forest properties in high spatial resolution using National Land Survey's airborne laser scanning data is presented. Results were evaluated by compering against national MS-NFI forest data. The estimation accuracy was generally good, but deciduous forests in leaf-off conditions caused somewhat underestimation. The method can be used to support e.g. forest managing, construction planning, wood industry and other remote sensing applications and research.