Articles | Volume 10, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-10-13-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-10-13-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
27 Jan 2021
Research article |
| 27 Jan 2021
| 27 Jan 2021
Error estimate for fluxgate magnetometer in-flight calibration on a spinning spacecraft
Yasuhito Narita
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstr. 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
Ferdinand Plaschke
Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstr. 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
Werner Magnes
Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstr. 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
David Fischer
Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstr. 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
Daniel Schmid
Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstr. 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
Related authors
Bruce T. Tsurutani, Gurbax S. Lakhina, Rajkumar Hajra, Richard B. Horne, Masatomi Iizawa, Yasuhito Narita, Ingo von Borstel, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, Volker Bothmer, Klaus Reinsch, Philipp Schulz, and Sami Solanki
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5536, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5536, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
During the 10–11 May 2024 geomagnetic storm, the red auroral rays appear at higher altitudes and connect to green rays lower down. The effect is linked to energetic electrons precipitating into the atmosphere during the storm. As the electrons continue downward, they hit oxygen below 200 km altitude and produce green light (5577 Å), named Stable Auroral Green (SAG) arcs. These observations mark the first reported sightings of such detailed, combined features.
Yasuhito Narita, Daniel Schmid, and Uwe Motschmann
Ann. Geophys., 43, 417–425, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-417-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-417-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
It is often the case that only magnetic field data are available for in situ planetary studies using spacecraft. Either plasma data are not available or the data resolution is limited. Nevertheless, the theory of plasma instability tells us how to interpret the magnetic field data (wave frequency) in terms of flow speed and beam velocity, generating the instability. We invent an analysis tool for Mercury's upstream waves as an example.
Yasuhito Narita, Daniel Schmid, and Simon Toepfer
Ann. Geophys., 42, 79–89, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-79-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-79-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The magnetosheath is a transition layer surrounding the planetary magnetosphere. We develop an algorithm to compute the plasma flow velocity and magnetic field for a more general shape of magnetosheath using the concept of potential field and suitable coordinate transformation. Application to the empirical Earth magnetosheath region is shown in the paper. The developed algorithm is useful when interpreting the spacecraft data or simulation of the planetary magnetosheath region.
Yasuhito Narita, Simon Toepfer, and Daniel Schmid
Ann. Geophys., 41, 87–91, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-87-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-87-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetopause is a shielding boundary of planetary magnetic field. Many mathematical models have been proposed to describe or to reproduce the magnetopause location, but they are restricted to the real-number functions. In this work, we analytically develop a magnetopause model in the complex-number domain, which is advantageous in deforming the magnetopause shape in a conformal (angle-preserving) way, and is suited to compare different models or map one model onto another.
Daniel Schmid and Yasuhito Narita
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2022-30, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2022-30, 2023
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present a useful tool to diagnose the bow shock condition around planets on basis of magnetic field observations. From the upstream and downstream shock normal angle of the magnetic field, it is possible to approximate the relation between compression ratio, Alfvenic Mach number and the solar wind plasma beta. The tool is particularly helpful to study the solar wind conditions and bow shock characteristics during the planetary flybys of the ongoing BepiColombo mission.
Simon Toepfer, Ida Oertel, Vanita Schiron, Yasuhito Narita, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, Daniel Heyner, Patrick Kolhey, and Uwe Motschmann
Ann. Geophys., 40, 91–105, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-91-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-91-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Revealing the nature of Mercury’s internal magnetic field is one of the primary goals of the BepiColombo mission. Besides the parametrization of the magnetic field contributions, the application of a robust inversion method is of major importance. The present work provides an overview of the most commonly used inversion methods and shows that Capon’s method as well as the Tikhonov regularization enable a high-precision determination of Mercury’s internal magnetic field up to the fifth degree.
Yasuhito Narita
Ann. Geophys., 39, 759–768, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-759-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-759-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The concept of electromotive force appears in various electromagnetic applications in geophysical and astrophysical fluid studies. The electromotive force is being recognized as a useful tool to construct a more complete picture of turbulent space plasma and has the potential to test for the fundamental processes of dynamo mechanism in space.
Daniel Schmid, Yasuhito Narita, Ferdinand Plaschke, Martin Volwerk, Rumi Nakamura, and Wolfgang Baumjohann
Ann. Geophys., 39, 563–570, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-563-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-563-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we present the first analytical magnetosheath plasma flow model for the space environment around Mercury. The proposed model is relatively simple to implement and provides the possibility to trace the flow lines inside the Hermean magnetosheath. It can help to determine the the local plasma conditions of a spacecraft in the magnetosheath exclusively on the basis of the upstream solar wind parameters.
Horia Comişel, Yasuhito Narita, and Uwe Motschmann
Ann. Geophys., 39, 165–170, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-165-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-165-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Identification of a large-amplitude Alfvén wave decaying into a pair of
ion-acoustic and daughter Alfvén waves is one of the major goals in the
observational studies of space plasma nonlinearity.
Growth-rate maps
may serve as a useful tool for predictions of the wavevector spectrum of density
or magnetic field fluctuations in various scenarios for the
wave–wave coupling processes developing at different stages in
space plasma turbulence.
Lars Klingenstein, Niklas Grimmich, Yuri Y. Shprits, Adrian Pöppelwerth, and Ferdinand Plaschke
Ann. Geophys., 43, 835–854, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-835-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-835-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We applied machine learning to investigate how the solar wind and Earth's geomagnetic activity control the position of the magnetopause, the boundary layer of Earth's magnetic field. Our results demonstrate that geomagnetic activity strongly influences this boundary and should be incorporated in predictive models. Using data from multiple spacecraft, we developed a simple mathematical description of the magnetopause distance that improves understanding of solar wind–magnetosphere interactions.
Gerlinde Timmermann, David Fischer, Hans-Ulrich Auster, Ingo Richter, Benjamin Grison, and Ferdinand Plaschke
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 14, 447–458, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-14-447-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-14-447-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We've compared the amplitude spectral densities of a fluxgate magnetometer (FGM) and an anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) magnetometer during ground testing with the amplitude spectral densities obtained in different regions of near-Earth space. The FGM can measure the fields in the different space regions and their fluctuations within a frequency range of 1 mHz to 2.5 Hz. The AMR magnetometer is only suitable for more turbulent regions such as the magnetosheath due to its higher noise levels.
Bruce T. Tsurutani, Gurbax S. Lakhina, Rajkumar Hajra, Richard B. Horne, Masatomi Iizawa, Yasuhito Narita, Ingo von Borstel, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, Volker Bothmer, Klaus Reinsch, Philipp Schulz, and Sami Solanki
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5536, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5536, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
During the 10–11 May 2024 geomagnetic storm, the red auroral rays appear at higher altitudes and connect to green rays lower down. The effect is linked to energetic electrons precipitating into the atmosphere during the storm. As the electrons continue downward, they hit oxygen below 200 km altitude and produce green light (5577 Å), named Stable Auroral Green (SAG) arcs. These observations mark the first reported sightings of such detailed, combined features.
Yasuhito Narita, Daniel Schmid, and Uwe Motschmann
Ann. Geophys., 43, 417–425, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-417-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-417-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
It is often the case that only magnetic field data are available for in situ planetary studies using spacecraft. Either plasma data are not available or the data resolution is limited. Nevertheless, the theory of plasma instability tells us how to interpret the magnetic field data (wave frequency) in terms of flow speed and beam velocity, generating the instability. We invent an analysis tool for Mercury's upstream waves as an example.
Niklas Grimmich, Adrian Pöppelwerth, Martin Owain Archer, David Gary Sibeck, Ferdinand Plaschke, Wenli Mo, Vicki Toy-Edens, Drew Lawson Turner, Hyangpyo Kim, and Rumi Nakamura
Ann. Geophys., 43, 151–173, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-151-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-43-151-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The boundary of Earth's magnetic field, the magnetopause, deflects and reacts to the solar wind, the energetic particles emanating from the Sun. We find that certain types of solar wind favour the occurrence of deviations between the magnetopause locations observed by spacecraft and those predicted by models. In addition, the turbulent region in front of the magnetopause, the foreshock, has a large influence on the location of the magnetopause and thus on the accuracy of the model predictions.
Niklas Grimmich, Ferdinand Plaschke, Benjamin Grison, Fabio Prencipe, Christophe Philippe Escoubet, Martin Owain Archer, Ovidiu Dragos Constantinescu, Stein Haaland, Rumi Nakamura, David Gary Sibeck, Fabien Darrouzet, Mykhaylo Hayosh, and Romain Maggiolo
Ann. Geophys., 42, 371–394, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-371-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-371-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In our study, we looked at the boundary between the Earth's magnetic field and the interplanetary magnetic field emitted by the Sun, called the magnetopause. While other studies focus on the magnetopause motion near Earth's Equator, we have studied it in polar regions. The motion of the magnetopause is faster towards the Earth than towards the Sun. We also found that the occurrence of unusual magnetopause locations is due to similar solar influences in the equatorial and polar regions.
Adrian Pöppelwerth, Georg Glebe, Johannes Z. D. Mieth, Florian Koller, Tomas Karlsson, Zoltán Vörös, and Ferdinand Plaschke
Ann. Geophys., 42, 271–284, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-271-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-271-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the magnetosheath, a near-Earth region of space, we observe increases in plasma velocity and density, so-called jets. As they propagate towards Earth, jets interact with the ambient plasma. We study this interaction with three spacecraft simultaneously to infer their sizes. While previous studies have investigated their size almost exclusively statistically, we demonstrate a new method of determining the sizes of individual jets.
Christoph Amtmann, Andreas Pollinger, Michaela Ellmeier, Michele Dougherty, Patrick Brown, Roland Lammegger, Alexander Betzler, Martín Agú, Christian Hagen, Irmgard Jernej, Josef Wilfinger, Richard Baughen, Alex Strickland, and Werner Magnes
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 13, 177–191, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-177-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The paper discusses the accuracy of the scalar magnetometer on board the scientific satellite mission
Jupiter Icy Moons Explorerof the European Space Agency. A novel method is described which utilises experiments, performed with a coil system in a geomagnetic observatory, and a mathematical data processing approach to separate the systematic errors of the coil system from the systematic error of the magnetometer. With this, the paper shows that the instrument’s accuracy is below 0.2 nT (1σ).
Tomas Karlsson, Ferdinand Plaschke, Austin N. Glass, and Jim M. Raines
Ann. Geophys., 42, 117–130, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The solar wind interacts with the planets in the solar system and creates a supersonic shock in front of them. The upstream region of this shock contains many complicated phenomena. One such phenomenon is small-scale structures of strong magnetic fields (SLAMS). These SLAMS have been observed at Earth and are important in determining the properties of space around the planet. Until now, SLAMS have not been observed at Mercury, but we show for the first time that SLAMS also exist there.
Yasuhito Narita, Daniel Schmid, and Simon Toepfer
Ann. Geophys., 42, 79–89, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-79-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-42-79-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The magnetosheath is a transition layer surrounding the planetary magnetosphere. We develop an algorithm to compute the plasma flow velocity and magnetic field for a more general shape of magnetosheath using the concept of potential field and suitable coordinate transformation. Application to the empirical Earth magnetosheath region is shown in the paper. The developed algorithm is useful when interpreting the spacecraft data or simulation of the planetary magnetosheath region.
Leonard Schulz, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, Ferdinand Plaschke, Simon Toepfer, and Uwe Motschmann
Ann. Geophys., 41, 449–463, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-449-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-449-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The upper detection limit in reciprocal space, the spatial Nyquist limit, is derived for arbitrary spatial dimensions for the wave telescope analysis technique. This is important as future space plasma missions will incorporate larger numbers of spacecraft (>4). Our findings are a key element in planning the spatial distribution of future multi-point spacecraft missions. The wave telescope is a multi-dimensional power spectrum estimator; hence, this can be applied to other fields of research.
Mohammed Y. Boudjada, Hans U. Eichelberger, Emad Al-Haddad, Werner Magnes, Patrick H. M. Galopeau, Xuemin Zhang, Andreas Pollinger, and Helmut Lammer
Adv. Radio Sci., 20, 77–84, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-77-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-77-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the variation of the electric power density linked to VLF signals emitted by NWC transmitter. The power density measurements were detected by the Electric Field Detector (EFD) instrument onboard CSES satellite above NWC station and its conjugate region (CR). The beam is subject to disturbances and modulations in CR. Above the NWC station, the beam can be considered as a hollow cone with inconsistency dependence of the half-opening angle on the electric power density.
Yasuhito Narita, Simon Toepfer, and Daniel Schmid
Ann. Geophys., 41, 87–91, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-87-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-87-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Magnetopause is a shielding boundary of planetary magnetic field. Many mathematical models have been proposed to describe or to reproduce the magnetopause location, but they are restricted to the real-number functions. In this work, we analytically develop a magnetopause model in the complex-number domain, which is advantageous in deforming the magnetopause shape in a conformal (angle-preserving) way, and is suited to compare different models or map one model onto another.
Daniel Schmid and Yasuhito Narita
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2022-30, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2022-30, 2023
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present a useful tool to diagnose the bow shock condition around planets on basis of magnetic field observations. From the upstream and downstream shock normal angle of the magnetic field, it is possible to approximate the relation between compression ratio, Alfvenic Mach number and the solar wind plasma beta. The tool is particularly helpful to study the solar wind conditions and bow shock characteristics during the planetary flybys of the ongoing BepiColombo mission.
Simon Toepfer, Ida Oertel, Vanita Schiron, Yasuhito Narita, Karl-Heinz Glassmeier, Daniel Heyner, Patrick Kolhey, and Uwe Motschmann
Ann. Geophys., 40, 91–105, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-91-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-91-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Revealing the nature of Mercury’s internal magnetic field is one of the primary goals of the BepiColombo mission. Besides the parametrization of the magnetic field contributions, the application of a robust inversion method is of major importance. The present work provides an overview of the most commonly used inversion methods and shows that Capon’s method as well as the Tikhonov regularization enable a high-precision determination of Mercury’s internal magnetic field up to the fifth degree.
Martin Volwerk, Beatriz Sánchez-Cano, Daniel Heyner, Sae Aizawa, Nicolas André, Ali Varsani, Johannes Mieth, Stefano Orsini, Wolfgang Baumjohann, David Fischer, Yoshifumi Futaana, Richard Harrison, Harald Jeszenszky, Iwai Kazumasa, Gunter Laky, Herbert Lichtenegger, Anna Milillo, Yoshizumi Miyoshi, Rumi Nakamura, Ferdinand Plaschke, Ingo Richter, Sebastián Rojas Mata, Yoshifumi Saito, Daniel Schmid, Daikou Shiota, and Cyril Simon Wedlund
Ann. Geophys., 39, 811–831, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-811-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-811-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
On 15 October 2020, BepiColombo used Venus as a gravity assist to change its orbit to reach Mercury in late 2021. During this passage of Venus, the spacecraft entered into Venus's magnetotail at a distance of 70 Venus radii from the planet. We have studied the magnetic field and plasma data and find that Venus's magnetotail is highly active. This is caused by strong activity in the solar wind, where just before the flyby a coronal mass ejection interacted with the magnetophere of Venus.
Yasuhito Narita
Ann. Geophys., 39, 759–768, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-759-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-759-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The concept of electromotive force appears in various electromagnetic applications in geophysical and astrophysical fluid studies. The electromotive force is being recognized as a useful tool to construct a more complete picture of turbulent space plasma and has the potential to test for the fundamental processes of dynamo mechanism in space.
Daniel Schmid, Yasuhito Narita, Ferdinand Plaschke, Martin Volwerk, Rumi Nakamura, and Wolfgang Baumjohann
Ann. Geophys., 39, 563–570, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-563-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-563-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we present the first analytical magnetosheath plasma flow model for the space environment around Mercury. The proposed model is relatively simple to implement and provides the possibility to trace the flow lines inside the Hermean magnetosheath. It can help to determine the the local plasma conditions of a spacecraft in the magnetosheath exclusively on the basis of the upstream solar wind parameters.
Martin Volwerk, David Mautner, Cyril Simon Wedlund, Charlotte Goetz, Ferdinand Plaschke, Tomas Karlsson, Daniel Schmid, Diana Rojas-Castillo, Owen W. Roberts, and Ali Varsani
Ann. Geophys., 39, 239–253, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-239-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-239-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The magnetic field in the solar wind is not constant but varies in direction and strength. One of these variations shows a strong local reduction of the magnetic field strength and is called a magnetic hole. These holes are usually an indication that there is, or has been, a temperature difference in the plasma of the solar wind, with the temperature along the magnetic field lower than perpendicular. The MMS spacecraft data have been used to study the characteristics of these holes near Earth.
Horia Comişel, Yasuhito Narita, and Uwe Motschmann
Ann. Geophys., 39, 165–170, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-165-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-165-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Identification of a large-amplitude Alfvén wave decaying into a pair of
ion-acoustic and daughter Alfvén waves is one of the major goals in the
observational studies of space plasma nonlinearity.
Growth-rate maps
may serve as a useful tool for predictions of the wavevector spectrum of density
or magnetic field fluctuations in various scenarios for the
wave–wave coupling processes developing at different stages in
space plasma turbulence.
Cited articles
Acuña, M. H.:
The MAGSAT precision vector magnetometer, Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, 1, 210–213, 1980. a
Acuña, M. H.: Space-based magnetometers, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 73, 3717,
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1510570, 2002. a
Alconcel, L. N. S., Fox, P., Brown, P., Oddy, T. M., Lucek, E. L., and Carr, C. M.: An initial investigation of the long-term trends in the fluxgate magnetometer (FGM) calibration parameters on the four Cluster spacecraft, Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 3, 95–109, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-95-2014, 2014. a, b, c
Anderson, B. J., Acuña, M. H., Lohr, D. A., Scheifele, J.,
Raval, A., Korth, H., and Slavin, J. A.: The magnetometer instrument on MESSENGER, Space Sci. Rev., 131, 417–450, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-007-9246-7, 2007. a
Angelopoulos, V.: The THEMIS mission, Space Sci. Rev., 141, 5, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-008-9336-1, 2008. a
Auster, H. U., Glassmeier, K. H., Magnes, W., Aydogar, O., Baumjohann, W., Constantinescu, D., Fischer, D., Fornacon, K. H., Georgescu, E., Harvey, P., Hillenmaier, O., Kroth, R., Ludlam, M., Narita, Y., Nakamura, R. Okrafka, K.,
Plaschke, F., Richter, I., Schwarzl, H., Stoll, B., Valavanoglou, A.
and Wiedemann, M.: The THEMIS Fluxgate Magnetometer, Space Sci. Rev., 141, 235–264, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-008-9365-9, 2008. a
Balogh, A., Carr, C. M., Acuña, M. H., Dunlop, M. W., Beek, T. J., Brown, P., Fornacon, K.-H., Georgescu, E., Glassmeier, K.-H., Harris, J., Musmann, G., Oddy, T., and Schwingenschuh, K.: The Cluster Magnetic Field Investigation: overview of in-flight performance and initial results, Ann. Geophys., 19, 1207–1217, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-19-1207-2001, 2001. a
Burch, J. L., Moore, T. E., Torbert, R. B., and Giles, B. L.:
Magnetospheric Multiscale overview and science objectives,
Space Sci. Rev., 199, 5–21, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-015-0164-9, 2016. a
Escoubet, C. P., Fehringer, M., and Goldstein, M.: Introduction
The Cluster mission, Ann. Geophys., 19, 1197–1200, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-19-1197-2001, 2001. a
Frühauff, D., Plaschke, F., and Glassmeier, K.-H.: Spin axis offset calibration on THEMIS using mirror modes, Ann. Geophys., 35, 117–121, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-117-2017, 2017. a, b, c, d
Goetz, C., Koenders, C., Hansen, K. C., Burch, J., Carr, C.,
Eriksson, A., Frühauff, D., Güttler, C., Henri, P.,
Nilsson, H., Richter, I., Rubin, M., Sierks, H.,
Tsurutani, B., Volwerk, M., and Glassmeier, K. H.: Structure and evolution of the diamagnetic cavity at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko,
Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 462, S459–S467, https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw3148, 2016a. a
Goetz, C., Koenders, C., Richter, I., Altwegg, K., Burch, J., Carr, C.,
Cupido, E., Eriksson, A., Güttler, C., Henri, P., Mokashi, P.,
Nemeth, Z., Nilsson, H., Rubin, M., Sierks, H., Tsurutani, B.,
Vallat, C., Volwerk, M., and Glassmeier, K.-H.: First detection of a diamagnetic cavity at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Astron. Astrophys., 588, A24, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527728, 2016b. a
Hedgecock, P. C.: A correlation technique for magnetometer zero
level determination, Space Sci. Instrum., 1, 83–90, 1975. a
Kepko, E. L., Khurana, K. K., Kivelson, M. G., Elphic, R. C., and Russell, C. T.: Accurate determination of magnetic field gradients from four point vector measurements. I. Use of natural constraints on vector data obtained from
a single spinning spacecraft, IEEE T. Magnet., 32, 377–385,
https://doi.org/10.1109/20.486522, 1996. a, b
Langel R., Ousley G., Berbert J., Murphy J., and Settle M.:
The MAGSAT Mission. Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 243–245,
https://doi.org/10.1029/GL009i004p00243, 1982. a
Leinweber, H. K., Russell, C. T., Torkar, K., Zhang, T. L.,
and Angelopoulos, V.: An advanced approach to finding
magnetometer zero levels in the interplanetary magnetic field,
Meas. Sci. Technol., 19, 055104,
https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/19/5/055104, 2008. a
Nakamura, R., Plaschke, F., Teubenbacher, R., Giner, L., Baumjohann, W., Magnes, W., Steller, M., Torbert, R. B., Vaith, H., Chutter, M., Fornaçon, K.-H., Glassmeier, K.-H., and Carr, C.: Interinstrument calibration using magnetic field data from the flux-gate magnetometer (FGM) and electron drift instrument (EDI) onboard Cluster, Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 3, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-1-2014, 2014. a
Plaschke, F., Nakamura, R., Leinweber, H. K., Chutter, M.,
Vaith, H., Baumjohann, W., Steller, M., and Magnes, W.:
Fluxgate magnetometer spin axis offset calibration using the
electron drift instrument, Meas. Sci. Technol., 25, 105008,
https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/25/10/105008, 2014. a
Plaschke, F. and Narita, Y.: On determining fluxgate magnetometer spin axis offsets from mirror mode observations, Ann. Geophys., 34, 759–766, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-759-2016, 2016. a, b
Plaschke, F., Goetz, C., Volwerk, M., Richter, I., Frühauff, D.,
Narita, Y., Glassmeier, K.-H., and Dougherty, M. K.:
Fluxgate magnetometer offset vector determination by the 3D mirror
mode method, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 469, S675–S684,
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2532, 2017. a
Plaschke, F., Auster, H.-U., Fischer, D., Fornaçon, K.-H., Magnes, W., Richter, I., Constantinescu, D., and Narita, Y.: Advanced calibration of magnetometers on spin-stabilized spacecraft based on parameter decoupling, Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 8, 63–76, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-63-2019, 2019a. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p
Plaschke, F.: How many solar wind data are sufficient for accurate fluxgate magnetometer offset determinations?, Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 8, 285–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-285-2019, 2019b.
a, b, c
Russell, C. T., Anderson, B. J., Baumjohann, W., Bromund, K. R.,
Dearborn, D., Fischer, D., Le, G., Leinweber, H. K., Leneman, D.,
Magnes, W., Means, J. D., Moldwin, M. B., Nakamura, R.,
Pierce, D., Plaschke, F., Rowe, K. M., Slavin, J. A., Strangeway, R. J.,
Torbert, R., Hagen, C., Jernej, I., Valavanoglou, A., and Richter, I.:
The Magnetospheric Multiscale Magnetometers, Space Sci. Rev., 199, 189–256, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-014-0057-3, 2016. a
Schmid, D., Plaschke, F., Narita, Y., Heyner, D., Mieth, J. Z. D., Anderson, B. J., Volwerk, M., Matsuoka, A., and Baumjohann, W.: Magnetometer in-flight offset accuracy for the BepiColombo spacecraft, Ann. Geophys., 38, 823–832, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-823-2020, 2020. a, b
Solomon, S. C., McNutt Jr., R. L., Gold, R. E., Domingue, D. L.:
MESSENGER mission overview, Space Sci. Rev., 131, 3–39, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-007-9247-6, 2007. a
Short summary
The systematic error of calibrated fluxgate magnetometer data is studied for a spinning spacecraft. The major error comes from the offset uncertainty when the ambient magnetic field is low, while the error represents the combination of non-orthogonality, misalignment to spacecraft reference direction, and gain when the ambient field is high. The results are useful in developing future high-precision magnetometers and an error estimate in scientific studies using magnetometer data.
The systematic error of calibrated fluxgate magnetometer data is studied for a spinning...
